111results about How to "Low applied voltage" patented technology

A square wave voltage having an amplitude equal to an output voltage of a converter is applied to an AC motor by a square wave control block. Torque control of the AC motor is performed basically by changing the voltage phase of the square wave voltage according to the torque deviation. When the motor revolution is suddenly changed, a instruction value correction unit sets a voltage instruction value of the output voltage of the converter according to a change ratio of the motor revolutions. This improves control of the motor current by changing the voltage applied to the motor in accordance with the sudden change of the motor revolutions without waiting for torque feedback control having a low control response.

An inexpensive MEMS switch which stably operates at low voltage and its fabrication method are provided. The switch comprises: a first anchor 7-2-1 formed over a substrate 3; a first spring 7-3-1 connected to the first anchor; an upper electrode 7-1 which is connected to the first spring and makes a motion above the substrate, elastically deforming the first spring; a lower electrode 1 formed over the substrate, positioned under the upper electrode; a second spring 7-3-2 connected to the upper electrode; and a second anchor 7-2-2 connected to the second spring. When voltage is applied to between the upper electrode and the lower electrode and the upper electrode makes a downward motion, the second anchor is brought into contact with the substrate. As a result, the second spring is elastically deformed. When the upper electrode is subsequently brought into contact with the lower electrode, thereby the upper electrode and the lower electrode are electrically connected with each other. The first and second anchors, first and second springs, and upper electrode are formed of identical metal in integral structure to constitute a membrane 7.

The MEMS switch comprises a first anchor formed over a substrate, a first spring connected to the first anchor, an upper electrode which is connected to the first spring and makes a motion above the substrate, elastically deforming the first spring, a lower electrode formed over the substrate, positioned under the upper electrode, a second spring connected to the upper electrode, and a second anchor connected to the second spring. When voltage is applied between the upper and lower electrodes and the upper electrode makes a downward motion, the second anchor is brought into contact with the substrate. As a result, the second spring is elastically deformed. When the upper electrode is subsequently brought into contact with the lower electrode, thereby the upper and lower electrodes are electrically connected. The first and second anchors, first and second springs, and upper electrode are formed of identical metal in integral structure.

A non-volatile semiconductor memory device includes a substrate, a first insulating film formed on the substrate, a second insulating film formed on the first insulating film, a plurality of granular dots formed in the second insulating film adjacent to the first insulating film as a floating gate, and a control gate formed on the second insulating film. The second insulating film is a high dielectric constant film made of oxide whose dielectric constant is higher than that of the first insulating film and whose heat of formation is higher than that of silicon oxide.

An LED driving circuit is provided for making it possible to economically drive a serially connected LED circuit by means of a switching device with a relatively low withstanding voltage even if the number of serially connected LED devices increases. In an LED driving circuit provided with a serially connected LED circuit (11) in which many LED devices are serially connected and a switching device (13) serially connected with the serially connected LED circuit (11) to control that an electrical current flowing through the serially connected LED circuit (11) is turned on or off, wherein a circuit device (15), which comprises a resistor, a constant voltage diode, a constant current diode, or the like, is connected in parallel with the switching device to make a minute current flow through the serially connected LED circuit (11) to the extent that the LED devices are not turned on when the switching device is turned off.

A liquid crystal display device is realized which is improved in light reflectivity on pixel electrodes to provide brightness at low cost and low power consumption. A dielectric multi-layered film having a first dielectric film (low refractive film) 105 and a second dielectric film (high refractive film) 106 is formed on a pixel electrode 104 connected to a TFT 102 formed on a substrate 101 having an insulation surface. This dielectric multi-layered film is determined in refractive index (n), center wavelength (lambd) and film thickens (d) according to an equation nd=lambd / 4, to give an enhanced reflection effect.

In a semiconductor device particularly including a phase change material, the reliability of the read-out operation is improved. In a read-out operation of a phase change memory, a bit line to be read out is precharged in advance with a sufficiently low voltage that can prevent the destructive read operation. In this state, after a word line is activated and a period in which the voltage is sufficiently discharged via a storage element which is in a low resistance state elapses (first read out), charge sharing is performed between the bit line and a read bit line of a sense amplifier which is precharged to a high voltage, and a read-out operation is performed again (second read out). Consequently, the read-out signal amount can be increased while suppressing the read current.

The invention discloses an electronic control liquid crystal adjustable terahertz wave absorber based on synchronous drive of graphene / metamaterial and a preparing method of the electronic control liquid crystal adjustable terahertz wave absorber, and belongs to the technical field of terahertz optoelectronics. The absorber comprises a quartz substrate a, a liquid crystal layer and a quartz substrate b, the quartz substrate a and the quartz substrate b are combined through a glue frame to constitute a liquid crystal box, and the liquid crystal layer is arranged at the junction of the quartz substrate a and the quartz substrate b; the inner side of the quartz substrate a comprises a periodic sub-wavelength metal unit array, a porous graphene layer and a light orientation layer a from insideto outside in sequence; the inner side of the quartz substrate b comprises a metal reflection mirror and a light orientation layer b from inside to outside in sequence, and a terahertz wavelength large-double-refraction-rate liquid crystal material is injected into the liquid crystal layer. The preparing method is simple and efficient, a sub-wavelength modular construction array can be designed randomly, the prepared electronic control liquid crystal adjustable terahertz wave absorber has a high electric field distribution and liquid crystal control capability, and meanwhile, the absorber hasthe advantages that the modulating frequency band is wide, and the modulating speed is high.

The invention discloses a bandwidth adjustable liquid crystal terahertz wave plate based on a porous graphene transparent electrode. Sub-wavelength metal wire gratings are arranged on the inner side of a substrate of an incidence surface, porous graphene is arranged on the inner side of a substrate on an exit surface, and the two substrates made of fused quartz are sealed and combined to form a liquid crystal box. Two light-control orientation layers are sandwiched between the metal wire gratings and the porous graphene in the liquid crystal box, liquid crystal materials are sandwiched between the two light-control orientation layers, and the liquid crystal materials are terahertz electronic control large birefringence liquid crystal materials. Parallel orientation of liquid crystals is achieved in the liquid crystal box through the mode of light-control orientation, and a 45-degree included angle is formed between the orientation direction and the direction of the metal wire gratings. According to the bandwidth adjustable liquid crystal terahertz wave plate based on the porous graphene transparent electrode, the electronic control birefringence characteristic of the liquid crystals is used, phase delay of ordinary light and extraordinary light is regulated through voltage to correspond to specific wave plates with different frequencies, and the bandwidth adjustable liquid crystal terahertz wave plate has the advantages of being superwide in frequency band, capable of achieving automatic polarization, high in transmittance, large in modulation amount, rapid in response and the like and can be widely applied in the booming terahertz field.

Provided is a method of driving an electro-optical element having a first electrode, a second electrode, and an electro-optical material provided between the first electrode and the second electrode and having optical characteristics which vary in accordance with an applied voltage, including: applying a fixed voltage to the first electrode and applying a data voltage according to a gray scale level to be displayed to the second electrode in a first period; applying the data voltage to the first electrode and applying the fixed voltage to the second electrode in a second period; and alternately repeating the driving in the first period and the driving in the second period.

A nonvolatile memory has a problem in that applied voltage is high. This is because a carrier needs to be injected into a floating gate through an insulating film by a tunneling effect. In addition, there is concern about deterioration of the insulating film by performing such carrier injection. An object of the present invention is to provide a memory in which applied voltage is lowered and deterioration of an insulating film is prevented. One feature is to use a layer in which an inorganic compound having a charge-transfer complex is mixed with an organic compound as a layer functioning as a floating gate of a memory. A specific example is an element having a transistor structure where a layer in which an inorganic compound having a charge-transfer complex is mixed with an organic compound and which is sandwiched between insulating layers is used as a floating gate.

The object of the invention is to detect a concentration of a SOx included in an exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine easily and accurately by a limiting current type sensor. The invention relates to a SOx concentration detection device of the engine having a limiting current type sensor. The device of the invention comprises a detecting part for detecting the concentration of the SOx included in the exhaust gas by using an output current of the sensor while lowering a voltage applied to the sensor from a predetermined voltage.

The invention relates to a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal composition and a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal display device manufactured by using the polymer-dispersed liquid crystal composition. The polymer-dispersed liquid crystal composition comprises a nematic phase liquid crystal material, an acrylic acid oligomer, a diluting monomer, an initiator, a spacer and the like. The invention provides a highly-crosslinked oligomer which solves the problem of a narrow view angle of an existing dimming membrane and is high in polymer selection curing speed and high in crosslinking density; the highly-crosslinked oligomer is prepared from a diluting monomer which is high in hardness, high in diluting capacity and not liable to yellow; and furthermore, selected liquid crystals no and an oligomer and diluting monomer mixture np meet a condition that np is greater than no. By optimization of selection of the liquid crystal material and the acrylic acid oligomer and optimization of a preparation method, the display device has the characteristics and properties of ultra-wide view angle, driving voltage lower than safety voltage, low haze, high transmittance and the like; and due to the properties, the application range and the application place of the display device are greatly expanded.

A liquid crystal display includes a liquid crystal layer between a first substrate and a second substrate, at least one first-type optical compensation layer over the liquid crystal layer, and at least one polarizer layer over the first-type optical compensation layer. The liquid crystal layer has a birefringence liquid crystal material. The first-type optical compensation layer includes a negative birefringence material. The optical axis of the first-type optical compensation layer is substantially parallel to a plane of either of the first substrate or the second substrate throughout the the layer. A liquid crystal display is prepared by forming a liquid crystal layer as described above, forming at least one first-type optical compensation layer as described above, and forming at least one polarizer layer over the first-type optical compensation layer.

The present invention provides a thin film transistor, wherein the semiconductor channel region is patterned. Gate electrodes 102, gate insulating film 103, source electrodes 104, and drain electrodes 105 are formed on a glass substrate 101. A patterned insulating film is formed thereon, and a part of the film in the region 110 on the gate electrode is removed. An organic semiconductor film is formed thereon by vapor deposition. The organic semiconductor film 107 in the region 110, where the patterned insulating film is removed, becomes a channel region, and is separated from the organic semiconductor film 108 on the patterned insulating film 106. Therefore, the organic semiconductor channel region is patterned to have the same size as the gate electrode. In accordance with the present invention, a thin film transistor, wherein the semiconductor region is patterned precisely, becomes available.

An LED driving circuit is provided for making it possible to economically drive a serially connected LED circuit by means of a switching device with a relatively low withstanding voltage even if the number of serially connected LED devices increases. In an LED driving circuit provided with a serially connected LED circuit (11) in which many LED devices are serially connected and a switching device (13) serially connected with the serially connected LED circuit (11) to control that an electrical current flowing through the serially connected LED circuit (11) is turned on or off, wherein a circuit device (15), which comprises a resistor, a constant voltage diode, a constant current diode, or the like, is connected in parallel with the switching device to make a minute current flow through the serially connected LED circuit (11) to the extent that the LED devices are not turned on when the switching device is turned off.

A switch comprises voltage applying means for providing direct current potentials to first to third beams arranged with a spacing slightly distant one from another, and electrodes for inputting / outputting signals to / from the beams. By controlling the direct current potential provided to the beam, an electrostatic force is caused to thereby change the beam positions and change a capacitance between the beams. By causing an electrostatic force between the first and second beams and moving the both beams, the first and second beams can be electrically coupled together at high speed. Also, an electrostatic force is caused on the third beam arranged facing to the first and second beams, to previously place it close to the first and second beams. When the electrostatic force is released from between the first and second beams, the second beam moves toward the third beam thereby releasing the first and second beams of an electric coupling.

The invention discloses a reflection type electronic control adjustable terahertz liquid crystal wave plate based on a subwavelength metal wire grating. The wave plate comprises two pieces of melting quartz baseplates, wherein the subwavelength metal wire grating is arranged on the inner side of one piece of melting quartz baseplates, a metal reflection mirror is arranged on the inner side of the other piece of melting quartz baseplates, and a liquid crystal box is formed by the two pieces of melting quartz baseplates which are combined through frame glue; two-layer light control aligning layers are arranged on the subwavelength metal wire grating and the metal reflection mirror in the liquid crystal box respectively, liquid materials are arranged in the middle of the two-layer light control aligning layers, and the liquid materials are terahertz electronic control large double refractive index liquid crystal materials; parallel orientation of liquid crystals is achieved by the liquid crystal box through a light control orientation mode, and a 90-degree angle is formed between the orientation direction and the metal wire grating direction. The invention further discloses a preparing method of the reflection type electronic control adjustable terahertz liquid crystal wave plate based on the subwavelength metal wire grating; the reflection type electronic control adjustable terahertz liquid crystal wave plate has the advantages of super-wide frequency band, large modulated quantity and quick response, and can be applied to THz wave polarization transition, THz wavefront regulation and THz vector light beams.

The invention discloses a broadband-adjustable terahertz wave plate component which comprises two quartz substrates, metal wire gratings are arranged inside the quartz substrates, the metal wire gratings on two sides are parallel to each other, and the two quartz substrates form a liquid crystal box through frame glue. The liquid crystal box comprises an optical control orientation layer and a liquid crystal material. Liquid crystal is an electric control large birefringence liquid material. The optical control orientation layer and the liquid crystal material of the liquid crystal box achieve parallel orientation of the liquid crystal through an optical control orientation method, the orientation direction of the optical control orientation layer and the direction of the metal wire gratings form a 45-degree angle, and the liquid crystal box can achieve an adjustable one quarter or a half wave plate in a terahertz frequency range. The broadband-adjustable terahertz wave plate has the advantages of being wide in frequency range, self-polarization, high in transmittance, large in modulation quantity, fast in response and the like. In addition, the manufacture cost is low, efficiency is high, the broadband-adjustable terahertz wave plate can be produced in massive mode, and the application prospects are wide.

The invention relates to a cathode electrochemical microfiltration membrane coupled reactor suitable for removal of source water pollutants. The reactor provided by the invention adopts graphite as ananode and a flat plate microfiltration membrane module with an internally-embedded steel wire mesh as a cathode, an external electric field is applied by a regulated direct current power supply, thereactor is operated in a continuous flow mode, so that physical interception removal of particles, colloids and macromolecular pollutants in source water can be realized, and degradation removal of refractory organic matter can be realized by utilizing strong oxidizing substances generated by electrocatalysis; in the reactor, in addition to HO free radicals formed by a water decomposition reactionon the surface of the anode, a Fenton reaction is performed on H2O2 generated on the surface of the cathode in situ under the external electric field and aeration conditions and Fe(II) dissolved fromthe steel wire mesh in a cathode interface and a homogeneous solution to form strong oxidants such as HO free radicals and Fe(IV)O<2+>, and therefore oxidative degradation removal of small-molecule refractory organic matter in the source water is realized; and the reactor couples electrochemical oxidation and microfiltration membrane separation technologies, can realize high-efficiency removal ofthe refractory organic matter in a lower external voltage and shorter hydraulic retention time, and reduces operating energy consumption.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a bismuth titanate-titanium oxide heterojunction nano-material and a method for preparing a membrane electrode by utilizing the bismuth titanate-titanium oxide heterojunction nano-material so as to perform photoelectrocatalytic treatment on bacteria in ballast water. By adopting the process disclosed by the invention to prepare the bismuth titanate-titanium oxide heterojunction nano-material, the synthesis temperature is low and the preparation process is simple; by applying the bismuth titanate-titanium oxide heterojunction nano-material to prepare the membrane electrode, the preparation method is simple, the membrane electrode has relatively good stability, and the electrode can be reused; by utilizing a photoelectrocatalytic technology to apply the membrane electrode in the field of sterilization of the ballast water, equipment is simple, the sterilization time is short, the efficiency is high, the required externally applied voltage is small, and the application is favorable for ballast operation of a ship; furthermore, the sterilization treatment energy consumption is low, the process is simple, the scale is controllable, and the secondary pollution is avoided.

Provided is a method of driving an electro-optical element having a first electrode, a second electrode, and an electro-optical material provided between the first electrode and the second electrode and having optical characteristics which vary in accordance with an applied voltage, including: applying a fixed voltage to the first electrode and applying a data voltage according to a gray scale level to be displayed to the second electrode in a first period; applying the data voltage to the first electrode and applying the fixed voltage to the second electrode in a second period; and alternately repeating the driving in the first period and the driving in the second period.

In a semiconductor device particularly including a phase change material, the reliability of the read-out operation is improved. In a read-out operation of a phase change memory, a bit line to be read out is precharged in advance with a sufficiently low voltage that can prevent the destructive read operation. In this state, after a word line is activated and a period in which the voltage is sufficiently discharged via a storage element which is in a low resistance state elapses (first read out), charge sharing is performed between the bit line and a read bit line of a sense amplifier which is precharged to a high voltage, and a read-out operation is performed again (second read out). Consequently, the read-out signal amount can be increased while suppressing the read current.

The present invention provides a chemical reactor with which nitrogen oxide emission control can be performed very efficiently at a low applied voltage when an excess of oxygen is present in a combustion exhaust gas. The present invention is a chemical reactor in which the upper cathode, lower cathode, and anode that make the chemical reactor are a mixture of an electron-conductive substance and an ion-conductive substance, and the electron-conductive substance and ion-conductive substance of the upper cathode are mixed in a specific ratio, which makes it possible to lower the applied voltage and reduce the power consumption of the chemical reactor, and is also a method for the emission control of nitrogen oxides in which this chemical reactor is used.

A switch comprises voltage applying means for providing direct current potentials to first to third beams arranged with a spacing slightly distant one from another, and electrodes for inputting / outputting signals to / from the beams. By controlling the direct current potential provided to the beam, an electrostatic force is caused to thereby change the beam positions and change a capacitance between the beams. By causing an electrostatic force between the first and second beams and moving the both beams, the first and second beams can be electrically coupled together at high speed. Also, an electrostatic force is caused on the third beam arranged facing to the first and second beams, to previously place it close to the first and second beams. When the electrostatic force is released from between the first and second beams, the second beam moves toward the third beam thereby releasing the first and second beams of an electric coupling.

The invention relates to an electrical filter board which is an anode-cathode integrated filter board prepared from an anode electrocatalysis material, a cathode electrocatalysis material and a microelectrolysis material or a plate-shaped anode or cathode filter board prepared from the anode or cathode electrocatalysis material, the microelectrolysis material and a conductive material. When the electrical filter board is cooperatively used with a novel parallel plate-type ultrasonic reactor in treatment of highly concentrated organic wastewater, a substantial synergistic effect is obtained; organic compounds in the wastewater are degraded into micromolecular compounds through reactions like electrocatalysis, microelectrolysis and electric flocculation initiated by the electrical filter board and through strongly oxidizing .OH generated by ultrasonic treatment, so biodegradability of the wastewater is improved; moreover, a mechanical shearing effect generated by ultrasonic treatment can effectively clean oxides on the electrical filter board, so disadvantages that a traditional electrocatalysis material easily undergoes inactivation and passivation and a traditional microelectrolysis material easily undergoes hardening are overcome, electrochemical reactivity is guaranteed, and treating efficiency is improved.