The invention discloses a feedback-free optimized code rate distributed video encoding and decoding method and a feedback-free code rate optimization distributed video encoding and decoding system. The method comprises the following steps of: 1, dividing a video sequence into a key frame K and a key frame WZ at an encoding end; 2, reconstructing the frame K in an inner-frame encoding and decoding manner, and outputting a frame K'; and 3, performing discrete cosine transformation, quantification and channel encoding on the frame WZ, generating information bit data and checking bit data, sending a selected sequence to a decoding end by a code rate optimizer according to the information bit data and the checking bit data, decoding by the decoding end according to edge information generated by the frame K and a sending sequence, and finally reconstructing the frame WZ to output a frame WZ'. By utilizing the method and the system, the quality of edge information is improved, so that the performance for reconstructing the frame WZ is improved, and the distributed video encoding scheme is simplified; and furthermore, under the condition of keeping the reconstruction quality, the encoding efficiency of distributed video encoding can be effectively improved.