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This invention discloses an improved sliding mode observer for permanent magnet synchronous motor control and a system relating to the field of motor control technology. Addressing the problems of severe chattering and low estimation accuracy in traditional sliding mode observers, the method includes: acquiring the motor voltage and current and transforming them to a stationary coordinate system; using an adaptive sliding mode observer integrating a fuzzy adaptive adjustment unit and a smoothing switching unit for state observation, outputting a smoothed back EMF estimation signal, wherein the fuzzy adjustment unit dynamically adjusts the sliding mode gain based on the current error, and the smoothing switching unit generates a continuous control signal to suppress chattering; inputting the smoothed back EMF signal into a phase-locked loop (PLL) unit to synchronously extract rotor position angle and speed estimates for closed-loop control. The system includes signal detection, an adaptive sliding mode observer, a PLL, and a closed-loop control module. This invention improves the accuracy of speed and position observation and system stability by synergistically suppressing chattering through fuzzy adaptive and smoothing switching, and by avoiding phase delay through a PLL.