The invention discloses a braking device of a high-speed train, which is provided with a water spray cooling device. The braking device at least comprises a brake disc, a brake pad, a brake pad heat radiating cavity, calipers, a water tank, a water inlet pipe, a tank bottom valve, a water outlet pipe, a high-pressure water pump, a four-way pipe, water delivery hoses, nozzles, locating rods and a driving mechanism. During train braking, the driving mechanism controls the calipers to clasp the brake disc, the tank bottom valve is opened, the high-pressure water pump is started, high-pressure water is sprayed out of the nozzles after entering the water delivery hoses through the four-way pipe, one path of high-pressure water is sprayed inwards through a ventilating duct, which is provided with heat radiating ribs, of the brake disc, the other two paths of high-pressure water are sprayed inwards through the heat radiating cavity specially designed at one side of a backing plate of the brake pad, fogdrops are instantly vaporized because of being heated when being in contact with a high-temperature metal surface, and a great deal of heat in water vapor is taken with air, so that the heat radiating effect of the braking device is far better than that of the traditional braking device only depending on air cooling, the brake disc and the brake pad can be always in a relatively low temperature, furthermore, the braking reliability and safety are ensured, meanwhile, the service life of the brake pad is prolonged, and the braking requirement of a higher-speed train can be met.