The invention relates to a test method for simulating the combined load effect of explosive shock waves and high-speed fragment groups formed after close-range explosion of a weapon warhead. The test method includes the five steps of 1, determining the size of a scaled-down warhead model, calculating the initial speed of fragments, the number of the target-reaching fragments of target structures and the mass distribution of the fragments after explosion occurs, and calculating the mass, the size and the number of equivalent preformed fragments; 2, manufacturing the equivalent preformed fragments in the step 1; 3, determining the propellant types of equivalent propellants such as the propellant kind, the propellant shape and the propellant size; 4, manufacturing the equivalent propellants in the step 3; and 5, assembling the equivalent preformed fragments in the step 2, the equivalent propellants in the step 4 and detonating electric detonators for forming an equivalent scaled-down warhead.