The invention discloses a preparation method and application of a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer-based composite material.The preparation method comprises the steps that firstly, a saline solution needed by an inorganic compound is put into a reaction kettle, a basis material used for inducing an alternating magnetic field is put into the reaction kettle, and the reaction kettle is sealed and then put into hydrothermal induction heating equipment; secondly, the temperature of the reaction kettle is lowered to the room temperature, and the basis material loaded with the inorganic compound is taken out, cleaned and dried; lastly, hot press molding is performed on the basis material, and then the carbon fiber-reinforced polymer-based composite material is obtained.According to the preparation method and application of the carbon fiber-reinforced polymer-based composite material, a hydrothermal induction heating technique is applied to carbon fiber surface grafting, and therefore the defect, brought by the surface inertia of carbon fibers, that the carbon fibers are not prone to be combined with other components is overcome; in addition, under the action of the alternating magnetic field, the high temperature of the carbon fibers promotes growth of multiple nanometer materials on the surfaces of the carbon fibers, more meshing sites are supplied to combination of the carbon fibers and resin, and interface bonding of the carbon fibers and the resin and the mechanical property of the composite material are improved.