57 results about "Liquid diffusion" patented technology

The present application relates to the technical field of leakage detection, in particular to a method and system for detecting leakage of an anti-seepage layer in the construction of an artificial wetland, which determines the seepage time period in which each electrode grid may produce seepage by analyzing the changes in the potential difference data and humidity data of the electrode grid below the anti-seepage layer; based on the seepage time period, analyzes the coincidence of liquid diffusion between different electrode grids, and divides the electrode grid into several diffusion regions; divides the diffusion regions into suspected damage regions and diffusion interaction regions, and analyzes the area relationship between the suspected damage regions and the diffusion interaction regions to obtain the seepage damage probability of the diffusion region corresponding to each electrode grid; and according to the seepage damage probability, marks the leakage point region. Through the present application, the region where the anti-seepage layer may be damaged and diffused can be more accurately positioned, the accuracy of identifying the specific position of the anti-seepage layer where leakage occurs is improved, and the credibility of the leakage detection result of the anti-seepage layer is further improved.

The utility model discloses a grouting experiment platform for simulating a complex surrounding rock environment of a tunnel, which comprises a cubic model box body formed by welding a plurality of independent steel plates, a front / rear side plate of the cubic model box body is provided with regular through holes and is externally connected with a water storage tank, and the water storage tank regulates and controls dynamic water pressure through a bottom water outlet and an external water pressure supply system; a detachable cover plate and a ground stress simulation system are arranged at the top of the model box body, the ground stress simulation system comprises a portal frame, a hydraulic jack and a bearing plate, and stratum stress is reproduced through hydraulic loading and pressure monitoring; the grouting equipment injects grout into the simulation tunnel through the pressure stirring barrel and the grouting guide pipe. The device can accurately simulate a seepage field and a stress field of a complex surrounding rock, and is used for analyzing a grouting liquid diffusion rule in a laboratory, optimizing grouting parameters and reducing site construction risks.

The invention relates to the field of disposable hygienic products, in particular to a porous and strip-shaped disposable hygienic product and a preparation method thereof, and mainly solves the problem of contradiction between rapid liquid diffusion and leakage prevention of the disposable hygienic product in the prior art. The hygienic product body is provided with a front area, a middle area and a rear area in the longitudinal direction, the hygienic product body comprises a liquid-permeable surface layer, an absorption core layer and a liquid-tight bottom layer, a flow guide groove is pressed in the upper surface of the hygienic product body, and the first flow guide groove is provided with a plurality of first grooves distributed at intervals; a plurality of first through holes without absorbing materials are formed in the absorbing core layer along the flow guide grooves at intervals, the first through holes are distributed between every two adjacent first grooves, and the first through holes and the first grooves are distributed at intervals; the middle area of the absorption core layer is provided with at least two liquid passing grooves without containing absorption materials, and the liquid passing grooves are first strip-shaped grooves without containing absorption materials or through hole grooves composed of through hole columns with the through hole area larger than 50%.

The application relates to the field of sanitary products, and provides a high-absorptive wet water-absorption paper and a preparation method thereof, which solves the defects of limited water absorption, non-solid structure and slow liquid diffusion speed of the water-absorption paper obtained by using the existing preparation method of the prior art. The high-absorptive wet water-absorption paper comprises, from top to bottom, a first wet paper layer, a first SAP high-molecular layer, a second wet paper layer, a second SAP high-molecular layer and a dry paper layer which are arranged in a stacking mode, the first wet paper layer and the second wet paper layer both have high loftiness, the loftiness is 5-20 cm 3 / g.

The disclosure herein relates to a method of reducing background noise during integrity testing of membrane filter to increase sensitivity and more effectively disposition failing membrane filters.

The present invention provides a transient liquid phase diffusion bonding preform, and a transient liquid phase diffusion bonding method and a power module using same, the preform having a unidirectional porous metal body applied thereto and thus facilitating high-temperature bonding. The transient liquid diffusion bonding preform to which a unidirectional porous metal body is applied, according to an embodiment of the present invention, comprises: a unidirectional porous metal body having a plurality of unidirectional pores extending in one direction from a first surface to a second surface and made of a high-melting point metal; a first surface layer disposed on the first surface of the unidirectional porous metal body and made of a low-melting point metal; a second surface layer disposed on the second surface of the unidirectional porous metal body and made of the low-melting point metal; and a pore-filling layer for filling at least a portion of the plurality of unidirectional pores of the unidirectional porous metal body and made of the low-melting point metal.

The utility model discloses a kind of trousers-shaped absorbent articles with flow guide structure, belong to trousers-shaped absorbent articles technical field, including face layer, absorbent core, bottom film, face layer, absorbent core, bottom film are sequentially composite fixed along thickness direction, the two layers of face layer width direction are equipped with leakage prevention baffle, the top surface center of absorbent core is equipped with the flow guide groove extending along length direction, flow guide groove is equipped with two ends respectively towards the flow guide structure extending at the length direction both ends of absorbent core;Flow guide structure is composed of top layer, flow guide composite thread layer, bottom layer, flow guide composite thread layer is composed of several root inner flow guide part with top layer, bottom layer connection respectively, so that form several flow guide channels by inner flow guide part between top layer and bottom layer, the inner flow guide part of flow guide composite thread layer is composed of at least one fibrous structure;The utility model's absorbent article is absorbed in absorbent core by flow guide groove while promoting liquid diffusion simultaneously rapidly permeates.

A liquid diffusing device comprising: at least two cartridge receiving portions, each configured for removably receiving a cartridge configured to contain a liquid to be diffused, and having a respective pressurized air inlet associated therewith and configured to be in fluid communication with a cartridge inlet when the cartridge is positioned in the cartridge receiving portion; a pumping mechanism configured to generate pressurized air; and a selection mechanism configured to selectively establish a fluid communication between the pumping mechanism and the pressurized air inlet of one of the cartridge receiving portions for the pumping mechanism to pump the pressurized air into the respective cartridge for diffusing the liquid contained therein and generating an aerosol flow.

The invention relates to the technical field of sanitary napkin production detection equipment, in particular to a sanitary napkin modified antibacterial water absorption factor performance testing device with a multi-stage osmotic gradient detection module and a method of the sanitary napkin modified antibacterial water absorption factor performance testing device. And a time tester, a space tester, a dryness tester and a driving module arranged in the base are arranged in the controller. By integrating time, space and dryness test modules and relying on a unified driving linkage structure, multi-dimensional and dynamic gradient evaluation of the permeability of the sanitary napkin is realized, and an absorption time sequence, a liquid diffusion image and surface capacitance distribution data can be synchronously acquired in a round of continuous test, so that the permeability of the sanitary napkin can be accurately measured. Therefore, the dynamic change gradient of the absorption speed, the diffusion form and the surface dryness of the product along with multiple times of permeation of the liquid in a simulated real use scene is comprehensively quantified.

The ceiling fan comprises a ceiling fan body, a refrigerating module and a humidifying assembly, the ceiling fan body is provided with a fan blade piece, a liquid containing cavity and an air outlet, the liquid containing cavity is used for storing liquid, the air outlet is communicated with the outside and the liquid containing cavity, and the refrigerating module is arranged on the ceiling fan body. The refrigerating module can lower the temperature of liquid in the liquid containing cavity, the humidifying assembly is arranged on the ceiling fan body, the humidifying assembly can atomize the liquid in the liquid containing cavity and can drive the atomized liquid to be discharged from the air outlet, and the ceiling fan body can drive the fan blade part to rotate so that diffusion of the atomized liquid discharged from the air outlet can be accelerated. By means of the structure, before the humidifying assembly atomizes water in the liquid containing cavity, the refrigerating module can reduce the temperature of the water in the liquid containing cavity, the temperature of water mist (atomized water) discharged from the air outlet subsequently is reduced, the cooling effect achieved through cooperation of the water mist with the temperature reduced and the rotating fan blade piece is extremely good, and therefore the requirements of part of users can be met.

The present application relates to the technical field of material testing, and in particular to a liquid diffusion performance testing method and system for an absorbent material, comprising the following steps: placing a sample on a testing platform and applying a pressurizing device; injecting a quantitative test liquid into the sample through the liquid injection hole of the pressurizing device in multiple stages by a constant-flow liquid feeding device; using a sensor array to monitor and record the diffusion process parameters of the test liquid in the sample in real time; after the test liquid diffuses stably, measuring and recording the static diffusion parameters; performing a back infiltration amount test and a deformation recovery capability test on the sample, and calculating a comprehensive index set based on the collected data. The present application simulates the actual use scenario by multi-stage liquid injection, uses a multi-dimensional data acquisition system to track the liquid diffusion process, penetration time and material thickness change in real time, and combines static parameter measurement and deformation recovery test, so that the liquid diffusion performance of the absorbent material can be evaluated comprehensively and objectively to a certain extent.

The invention discloses a catalyst bridged membrane electrode and a preparation method and application thereof, the catalyst bridged membrane electrode comprises an ion exchange membrane layer, a gas-liquid diffusion layer and a catalyst layer; the ion exchange membrane layer is provided with a first surface and a second surface which are opposite to each other, the gas-liquid diffusion layer is provided with a through pore structure and is adjacent to the first surface of the ion exchange membrane, and the bridging catalyst layer is distributed in pores of the gas-liquid diffusion layer and grows to the first surface of the ion exchange membrane along the pores. According to the invention, a catalyst bridged zero-gap membrane electrode construction normal form is provided, a catalyst nanostructure forms a three-dimensional interpenetrating network between an ion exchange membrane and a gas-liquid diffusion layer through an in-situ oriented deposition process, and the physical interface limitation of a traditional CCS / CCM process is broken through. According to the technical path, near-zero gap matching of electron / ion transmission channels is achieved, a high-strength composite interface is established through chemical-mechanical synergistic effect, and a brand new solution is provided for developing a high-efficiency and high-stability membrane electrode suitable for an electrolyte with a wide concentration range.

The invention discloses a piezoelectric interface modified piezoelectric ion sensor and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the field of flexible piezoelectric ion sensors, multiwalled carbon nanotubes are dispersed in NMP to form a suspension, and vacuum filtration and drying are performed to obtain a multiwalled carbon nanotube film; the BPNA powder is dissolved in a DMF / ethanol solution, and BPNA crystals are obtained through a liquid-liquid diffusion method; dissolving PEO in deionized water to obtain a PEO solution; adding the BPNA crystal into the PEO solution to obtain a PEO / BPNA dispersion liquid; adding ionic liquid into the PEO solution to obtain PEO / IL dispersion liquid; pouring the PEO / BPNA dispersion liquid on a glass plate to obtain a PEO / BPNA layer; a PEO / IL dispersion liquid is poured on the PEO / IL layer to form a PEO / IL middle layer; and pouring a PEO / BPNA layer on the multi-walled carbon nanotube electrode film layer to obtain an electrolyte, and laminating two multi-walled carbon nanotube electrode film layers on two sides of the electrolyte to obtain the assembled sensor.

To provide absorbent materials that can easily be flushed down the toilet after absorbing excrement. [Solution] An absorbent article 1 having a front-to-back direction, a width direction, and a thickness direction, and being folded in the center of the width direction toward the non-skin side along the front-to-back direction and brought into contact with the wearer, comprising a surface layer 11 that can come into contact with the wearer's skin, and a non-skin side layer 12 provided on the non-skin side of the surface layer, wherein the liquid diffusion properties of the adjacent skin side layer 11 adjacent to the non-skin side layer from the skin side are higher than those of the non-skin side layer.

The application discloses a kind of full-automatic liquid-phase diffusion coefficient measuring device and method based on liquid-core column lens, it is related to liquid-phase mass transfer technical field, the measuring device includes parallel light beam generating component, liquid-core column lens, image acquisition component and processor, work by the processor control parallel light beam generating component starts, collimated parallel light beam is incident to liquid-core column lens, work by the processor control image acquisition component, automatically collect and obtain multiple diffusion images in the diffusion process of binary solution, by the processor respectively to each diffusion image is handled, obtain the position of the thinnest light beam width in each diffusion image, and combine the shooting time of each diffusion image and the first concentration, second concentration and calibration concentration input by user, calculate and obtain the liquid-phase diffusion coefficient of binary solution.The application can automatically complete the measurement of liquid-phase diffusion coefficient, be applicable to non-professional personnel, and can shorten the measurement time, improve measurement accuracy.

This invention belongs to the field of iodine adsorption material technology, and discloses a method for synthesizing and applying a highly efficient iodine adsorption material. The synthesis method includes: S1, adding an organic aldehyde ligand to a container, adding a solvent, and stirring to completely dissolve the aldehyde ligand; S2, slowly adding the above solution dropwise to an organic amine ligand solution to completely mix it with the amine ligand; S3, sealing the above mixed solution and stirring at room temperature until the color deepens; S4, after the reaction is complete, separating the reaction solution into small glass vials, tightening the caps, loosening them by half a turn, and placing them in a protective atmosphere; after several days of gas-liquid diffusion, visible crystals form at the bottom of the glass vials. The synthesized adsorption material has applications in volatile and radioactive iodine. The crystalline adsorption material synthesized by this invention has good stability, high adsorption efficiency for iodine, and a fast adsorption rate, and can be used for nuclear waste treatment and the capture of radioactive iodine.

The application discloses a frame assembly and an electronic device, and belongs to the technical field of electronic device frames. The frame assembly comprises a middle frame and a shell sleeved on the periphery of the middle frame; at least one water storage groove is arranged on the outer side wall of the middle frame and / or the inner side wall of the shell, the water storage groove extends along the circumference of the frame assembly, and the water storage groove is used for storing water entering between the outer side wall of the middle frame and the inner side wall of the shell. The water storage groove prolongs the path of liquid flow and increases the resistance of liquid flow, thereby greatly reducing the speed and range of liquid diffusion in the device, providing more efficient liquid protection for the electronic device, significantly improving the liquid resistance performance of the electronic device, and reducing the risk of damage to the internal electronic elements of the device caused by liquid.

The application relates to a kind of automatic cleaning device and cleaning method of polishing machine abrasive liquid conveying pipeline, and belongs to the technical field of pipeline cleaning equipment, the block air cylinder is suspended above the abrasive liquid diffusion tank, the abrasive sand macromolecular block is fixed on the output end of the block air cylinder, and the flushing water pipe is fixed on the front side wall of the block air cylinder by using the flushing water pipe support; The hollow shaft air cylinder is suspended above the abrasive liquid diffusion tank; The lower end of the hollow air cylinder shaft in the hollow shaft air cylinder is connected with the rubber nozzle, and the rubber nozzle is movably arranged in the abrasive liquid inlet of the abrasive liquid diffusion tank. The abrasive sand macromolecular block is used to gather the abrasive sand together, and the flushing water is used for repeated flushing for multiple times, so that the abrasive sand in the abrasive liquid diffusion tank is cleaned; the rubber nozzle is used for corresponding to each abrasive liquid conveying pipeline by using high-pressure mixed water, so that the abrasive sand in each abrasive liquid conveying pipeline is flushed, and full-automatic comprehensive flushing is realized.

The invention relates to a photoelectrochemical hydrogen production assembly and a manufacturing method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of photocatalytic hydrogen production. The photoelectrochemical hydrogen production assembly (1) mainly comprises a photoelectrochemical device (2), a gas conveying pipeline (3), a liquid conveying pipeline (4) and a back plate (5), and the photoelectrochemical device (2) is integrated with a silicon solar cell (6) through a plurality of modularized photoelectrochemical pools (7) and is connected with the silicon solar cell (6) through the gas conveying pipeline (3) and the liquid conveying pipeline (4); the area of the photoelectrochemical cell (7) is gt; 1 cm < 2 >. According to the invention, the photoelectrochemical device in modular design is adopted, so that the photoelectrochemical device is convenient to replace and maintain in practical application; the internal resistance of the film is reduced by adopting a high-conductivity grid line pressing and burying process; the protective layer is adopted to isolate corrosion of electrolyte, and the problem of performance degradation of a large-area photoelectrochemical device is solved; the gas / liquid diffusion layer is adopted to reduce the thickness of the photoelectrochemical device, so that the internal resistance of the photoelectrochemical device is effectively reduced.

This invention discloses an innovative, multifunctional composite multilayer absorbent core and its preparation method, relating to the field of hygiene product technology. The hydrophilic layer can quickly capture liquid, the flow-guiding layer promotes uniform liquid diffusion, the absorbent layer efficiently locks in water, and the embossed structure directly enhances longitudinal mechanical strength and guides liquid flow, reducing the risk of surface liquid residue and interlayer separation. The longitudinal reinforcement and flow-guiding function of the embossing work in conjunction with the liquid management functions of the hydrophilic and flow-guiding layers. The physical grooves formed by the embossing not only limit the longitudinal stretching of the core and reduce deformation to improve structural stability, but also guide the liquid to quickly penetrate into the depths of the absorbent layer along the longitudinal direction, avoiding local saturation and thus reducing liquid backflow. The adhesive bonding ensures that each layer remains tightly bonded under liquid load, further consolidating the overall structure, ultimately achieving simultaneous improvement in the core's anti-backflow and structural stability.

Provided are: a water-absorbent resin which reduces the amount of liquid reflux in an absorbent article provided with the water-absorbent resin and a water-permeable base material and which has excellent liquid retention properties; and an absorbent article which has excellent liquid diffusivity. The problem is solved by using: a poly (meth) acrylic acid (salt)-based water-absorbent resin having a resistance to intrusion between fibers of a water-permeable base material of 60 wt% or more; and an absorbent article as follows. The absorbent article comprises, in this order, a liquid-impermeable lower gasket, an absorbent body comprising a water-absorbent resin and a water-permeable base material, and a liquid-permeable upper gasket. The water-absorbent resin is a poly (meth) acrylic acid (salt) water-absorbent resin having a resistance to intrusion between fibers of the water-permeable base material of 60 wt% or more.

The application discloses a paper diaper production method based on core layering prefabrication and lamination, and relates to the technical field of disposable sanitary products, and comprises the following steps: raw material preparation, absorption core layer carding, core swelling treatment, forming a storage area array, dividing the absorption core into nine functional subareas and performing differential SAP scattering, urine and feces subarea structure construction, core groove forming and edge sealing, lamination, hot air bonding integrated consolidation, three-layer flow guide groove forming, three-dimensional printing functional coating, self-adaptive temperature control layer lamination, micro-acid bacteriostatic surface layer lamination, overall paper diaper assembly, and finished product trimming. Through the multi-layer functional gradient core, swelling treatment and nine-subarea SAP precise scattering, the application realizes material differential distribution and enhances absorption in key areas. In combination with urine and feces subarea isolation, the application promotes rapid liquid diffusion, reduces back seepage and leakage, reduces the SAP usage amount while ensuring excellent absorption performance, and improves material utilization.

This absorbent article is provided with a main body section which extends in the longitudinal direction, comprises a front sheet, a back sheet, and an absorbent body, and which has an abdomen-side region that covers the abdomen of a wearer and a back-side region that covers the back of the wearer. The main body portion includes: a pair of leak-proof gathers disposed so as to be separated from each other in the lateral direction, each of the pair of leak-proof gathers including a standing portion capable of standing with respect to the surface sheet, and a first stretchable member provided on the standing portion and capable of stretching in the longitudinal direction; a pair of second telescopic members provided on both outer sides of the pair of standing portions in the lateral direction and capable of stretching in the longitudinal direction; and a liquid diffusion sheet provided so as to overlap the absorbent body when viewed from the skin surface side. A low expansion / contraction region in which a pair of first expansion / contraction members is provided in the longitudinal direction and a pair of second expansion / contraction members is not provided is formed in the back-side region. The liquid diffusion sheet includes an overlapping portion disposed within the low stretch region.

Described is a device for diffusing volatile substances. The device includes a container for holding a liquid containing the volatile substances, a piezoelectric element, the vibration of which causes the diffusion of the volatile substances, and a control electronics that applies an electrical signal to the piezoelectric element, adjusting it to operate at its resonance frequency. The control electronics searches for the resonance frequency and analyses the electrical signal to determine whether or not the liquid is present in the container based on that resonance frequency.

The invention relates to a cryogenic fluid storage device comprising a reservoir (2) extending along a longitudinal direction (A) and intended to contain liquefied gas (3) in equilibrium with a gaseous phase, a liquid injection ramp (4) extending along the longitudinal direction (A) in the upper part of the reservoir (2), the injection ramp (4) comprising a plurality of liquid outlets spaced along the longitudinal direction (A), the injection ramp (4) comprising a porous portion for diffusing the liquid into the reservoir (2), the porous surface having a permeability greater than five Darcy. (Short figure: Fig. 1)

This invention discloses a double-winged adhesive sanitary napkin and its preparation method. The double-winged adhesive sanitary napkin includes a main body with an absorbent core. The absorbent core is composed of an upper PE perforated film, a middle resin particle layer, and a lower flow-guiding nonwoven fabric, forming a sandwich structure. The preparation method of the double-winged adhesive sanitary napkin includes the following steps: S1, preparation of gradient pressure-sensitive adhesive; S2, preparation of release paper composite substrate; S3, preparation of absorbent core; S4, gradient adhesive layer coating; S5, dynamic folding and positioning; S6, intelligent cutting detection; S7, product assembly. This invention incorporates a gradient pressure-sensitive adhesive layer combined with microcapsule phase change material, ensuring strong adhesion between the wings and underwear while reducing skin contact stickiness and allergy risk. The chitosan-modified SAP particles, combined with the airflow-forming flow-guiding layer, significantly increase liquid diffusion speed and effectively reduce side leakage.

The utility model relates to the field of deodorization, especially to a medicine dilution deodorization device, including the medicine liquid tank, the medicine liquid tank is connected with the automatic proportional control valve through the first connecting pipe, one end of the automatic proportional control valve is connected with the filter, one end of the filter is connected with the backflushing device, the backflushing device is connected with the water inlet pipe, the automatic proportional control valve is connected with the booster pump still, the booster pump is connected with the medicine liquid diffusion device, one end of the medicine liquid diffusion device is connected with the spray pipe, the other end is connected with the waste gas pipe. The utility model transports water to the medicine liquid diffusion device through the water inlet pipe, carries out the mixed reaction, the gas produced in the reaction is discharged in the waste gas pipe, the mixed medicine liquid is sprayed in the spray pipe and deodorized, wherein the backflushing device can be used to avoid the filter from being blocked, and the filter is used to filter the water to avoid impurities from entering.

To provide an absorbent material and a method for manufacturing the same that can reduce the amount of materials used without causing a deterioration in the quality of the absorbent material. [Solution] The absorbent body 10 comprises a liquid-permeable top sheet 12, a liquid-impermeable back sheet 18, a liquid-absorbing absorbent core 16 disposed between the top sheet 12 and the back sheet 18, and a liquid-permeable liquid diffusion sheet 14 disposed between the top sheet 12 and the absorbent core 16. At least one of the top sheet 12, the liquid diffusion sheet 14, and the absorbent core 16 is constructed using a material 31 that has been widened in a direction intersecting the slit 32 after a slit 32 has been formed penetrating between the main surfaces, and has a through hole 34 through which the slit 32 has been widened.

The utility model belongs to the field of foam scrubbing agent liquid carrying performance experiment devices, and particularly relates to an experiment device for evaluating the liquid carrying performance of a foam scrubbing agent and a gas passing base. The experimental device comprises a foaming pipe, a gas passing structure is arranged at the bottom of the foaming pipe, the gas passing structure comprises a gas inlet used for being connected with an experimental gas source, a gas-liquid diffusion cavity connected with the gas inlet and a gas outlet connected with the gas-liquid diffusion cavity, and the section size of the gas outlet is larger than that of the gas inlet. And a gas refining device is arranged at the gas outlet. Experimental gas enters the gas passing structure from the gas inlet, is firstly diffused and mixed with the accumulated liquid in the gas-liquid diffusion cavity to enlarge the gas flow disturbance area, and then flows out from the gas outlet with the enlarged size and the gas refining device, so that the bubble generation effect can be remarkably improved, and the process that the gas flow passes through the accumulated liquid to generate a large number of dense bubbles from bottom to top and gradually rises is well simulated; therefore, the accuracy of medicament test data is improved.

The utility model relates to the technical field of AEM hydrogen production, and provides a supporting structure of a gas-liquid diffusion layer, which comprises a main body part, a plurality of connecting parts and a plurality of elastic supporting parts, the main body part is of a flat plate structure; a plurality of connecting parts are uniformly distributed on a first plane of the main body part; and each connecting part is in interference connection with an elastic supporting part. A plurality of connecting parts are also uniformly distributed on the second plane of the main body part; or a plurality of bulge structures are uniformly distributed on the second plane of the main body part. The connecting part is of a cylinder structure or a cuboid structure. And the connecting part and the main body part are of an integrated structure. And the end part of the connecting part is chamfered or rounded. By arranging the elastic supporting part, uniform and stable elastic supporting can be provided, circulation of electrolyte is not hindered, and the short circuit phenomenon is avoided.