159 results about "Gaseous diffusion" patented technology

Embodiments of a gas distribution plate for distributing gas in a processing chamber are provided. In one embodiment, a gas distribution assembly for a plasma processing chamber comprises a diffuser plate with gas passages passing between its upstream and downstream sides and hollow cathode cavities at the downstream side of the gas passages. The downstream side of the diffuser plate has a curvature to improve the thickness uniformity and film property uniformity of thin films deposited by PECVD, particularly SiN and amorphous silicon films. The curvature is preferably described by an arc of a circle or ellipse, the apex thereof located at the center point of the diffuser plate. In one aspect, the hollow cathode cavity volume density, surface area density, or the cavity density of the diffuser increases from the center of the diffuser to the outer edge. Methods for manufacturing such a diffuser plate are also provided.

This invention provides novel fuel cell catalysts comprising new series of catalytically active thin-film metal alloys with low platinum concentration supported on nanostructured materials (nanoparticles). In certain embodiments, an integrated gas-diffusion / electrode / catalyst layer can be prepared by processing catalyst thin films and nanoparticales into gas-diffusion media such as Toray or SGL carbon fiber papers. The catalysts can be placed in contact with an electrolyte membrane for PEM fuel cell applications.

This invention provides novel fuel cell electrodes and catalysts comprising a series of catalytically active thin-film metal alloys with low platinum concentration supported on nanostructured materials (nanoparticles). Processing of the electrodes and catalysts can include electrodeposition methods, and high-pressure coating techniques. In certain embodiments, an integrated gas-diffusion / electrode / catalyst layer can be prepared by processing catalyst thin films and nanoparticles into gas-diffusion media such as Toray or SGL carbon fiber papers. The catalysts can be placed in contact with an electrolyte membrane for PEM fuel cell applications.

A fuel cell with a gas diffusion media having a hydrophobic layer adjacent a flow field plate and a hydrophilic layer adjacent the membrane electrode assembly of the fuel cell. The two layers enable balanced humidification of reactant gas along with a basis for managing capillary water addition into the gas diffusion media. The combination of balanced moisture flux (via the hydrophobic layer) and the retention of water (via the hydrophilic layer) for humidifying reactant gas sustains hydration of the proton exchange membrane while preserving the catalyst at full activity.

The invention discloses a fuel cell ordered porous nano-fiber single electrode, a membrane electrode and a preparation method. Polymer nano-fibers are deposited on one side of a gaseous diffusion material through an electro-spinning technology; metal nanoparticles with catalytic activity are deposited on the surfaces of the polymer nano-fibers by using magnetron sputtering and vacuum evaporation methods, or catalyst slurry is directly sprayed to one side of a nano-fiber thin film to form a porous single electrode; then two single electrodes and a layer of proton exchange membrane are combined into a three-in-one membrane electrode. The fuel cell ordered porous nano-fiber single electrode, the membrane electrode and the preparation method have the beneficial effects that the conventional micro-porous layer is substituted by the nano-fiber layer with high porosity and high specific surface area, prepared by electro-spinning, so that the catalytic activity area is increased and the three-phase reaction interface and the mass transfer are facilitated, and an active metal catalytic layer formed by magnetron sputtering and vacuum evaporation has high adhesion, is uniform in coating and has controllable thickness, so that the using amount of the active metal catalyst is reduced and the utilization rate of the catalyst is also greatly increased.

The invention discloses a gaseous diffusion layer of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell and a preparation method thereof. The diffusion layer comprises a basal layer and a micropore layer, and the micropore layer consists of a micropore lining layer and a micropore surface layer. The micropore lining layer is located between the basal layer and the micropore surface layer, the micropore lining layer is the micropore layer with larger porosity and stronger hydrophobicity, and the micropore surface layer the micropore layer with smaller porosity and weaker hydrophobicity in comparison with the micropore lining layer. The preparation method comprises the steps of: water-repellency treatment, slurry preparation, micropore layer coating and roasting at high temperature. Because gas diffuses from the basal layer to the micropore layers in the fuel cell reaction, by manufacturing the micropore layers in the gaseous diffusion layer step by step in the invention, gradient decrease is formed between the porosities from the basal layer to the two micropore layers in the gaseous diffusion layer, which is more beneficial to the diffusion of reaction gas and the discharge of water generated by the cell, and the power of the cell can be obviously improved.

The invention discloses a shale gas reservoir gas diffusion coefficient experiment test method. According to a method, a one-dimensional diffusion mathematic model is built by monitoring pressure attenuation data in a shale plunger rock sample under effective stress conditions of methane gas with a certain initial pressure in a constant-temperature closed system with the micro-pore structure and the gas existence state of a shale reservoir as bases, the diffusion coefficient of the gas (methane) in shale is calculated, and the diffusion mass-transfer capacity of the gas (methane) in the shale is quantitatively assessed. In the experiment testing process, the diffusion process of gas in the shale gas reservoir can be effectively simulated, and influences of effective stress, gas adsorption / desorption and other factors on the diffusion coefficient are reflected. Besides, the method can overcome influences of gas free expansion stage data in a traditional adsorption / desorption method on the diffusion coefficient. The method can assess the diffusion mass-transfer capacity of the gas in the shale and provide experiment support for researches in the aspects of shale gas reservoir productivity models, productivity prediction and the like.

This is a method and apparatus for treatment of liquid media making use of at least one float positioned at the top of the liquid and at least one gas diffuser placed under the float and connected to this float by at least one brace, the diffuser is connected to a gas source by at least one flexible conduit. The gas emitted from the diffuser produces a mixture with liquid having density lower than the liquid and the float partially sinks in the liquid thus increasing the submergence of the diffuser and lowering the gas flow through the diffuser. At increased submergence, the gas flow is reduced, the mixture density increases, and the float rises. A repeatable motion up and down of the float-diffuser is established producing pulsations in the liquid. The method and apparatus can be used in a multitude of chemical, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, environmental and other industries for carrying out mass transfer, chemical and biological transformations, phase separations, thickening of suspensions, mixing, suspending of particles, washing, coagulation-flocculation, membrane filtration, filtration across particulate media, filtration across floating media, mass transfer across membrane, and other processes.

The invention relates to a nanometer porous metal-organic framework compound composite material, in particular to a ferrocene-porous metal-organic framework compound composite material, and a preparation method and an application thereof. The mass ratio of ferrocene and porous metal-organic framework compound is 50-200 percent. The ferrocene-porous metal-organic framework compound composite material is prepared by the following steps: firstly, preparing the nanometer porous metal-organic framework compound; and secondly, loading the ferrocene on the porous material through a gaseous diffusion method. The invention adopts the nanometer porous metal-organic framework compound to fix the ferrocene of electronic media with electrochemical activity to be used as the electrode modification material so as to realize the detection of peroxide without enzyme. Because the nanometer material has large specific surface area, the invention improves the detection sensitivity and can be used for other electrochemical biological sensors based on the detection of peroxide.

I. Discovery of the Right Respiratory Science. Owing to the discovery of "Haldane effect", we comprise this Invention. This effect says, "The deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry CO2.". So that we understand why most people are by exercise to promote health, it is with big muscles-contraction to have the "Deoxygenation of the Blood" as in exercise by walking, jogging or running to consume O2 5-15 times more than sitting in quiet, but few people know why and how is the right way. Especially as we see, a lot of professional athletes usually early died of heart diseases, because there is not the right respiratory science and process until today. II. The Right Respiratory Science and Process. We cite the right respiratory theories from the right related science as: "Haldane effect", "Gas Diffusion Law" and the "Relations between Respiration and Autonomic Nervous Functions". In addition to promote health, life and welfare for common people, it is to prevent from and control of many traditional functional diseases standing as rheumatism, cold and heart diseases, etc. The invented respiratory process is that, exhaling be long and slow; Inhaling be short and shallow once no longer than 1 second, by elasticity of breathing organs after exhaling; in case for more O2 required as in sport, it just speeds the breathing rate and keeps other breathing technics the same.

A gas diffusion cathode for electrochemical cells provides higher power capability through the use of nano-particle catalysts. The catalysts comprise nanometer-sized particles of transition metals such as nickel, cobalt, manganese, iron, palladium, ruthenium, gold, silver, and lead, as well as alloys thereof, and respective oxides. These catalysts can substantially replace or eliminate platinum as a catalyst for oxygen reduction. Cathodes using such catalysts have applications to metal-air batteries, hydrogen fuel cells (PEMFCs), direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), direct oxidation fuel cells (DOFCs), and other air breathing electrochemical systems.

This invention provides novel fuel cell catalysts comprising new series of catalytically active thin-film metal alloys with low platinum concentration supported on nanostructured materials (nanoparticles). In certain embodiments, an integrated gas-diffusion / electrode / catalyst layer can be prepared by processing catalyst thin films and nanoparticales into gas-diffusion media such as Toray or SGL carbon fiber papers. The catalysts can be placed in contact with an electrolyte membrane for PEM fuel cell applications.

A method for fabricating an ultra-sensitive metal oxide gas sensor is disclosed, which comprises the steps of spinning a mixture solution including a metal oxide precursor and a polymer onto a sensor electrode to form a metal oxide precursor-polymer composite fiber; thermally compressing or thermally pressurizing the composite fiber; and thermally treating the thermally compressed or thermally pressurized composite fiber to remove the polymer from the composite fiber. Since the gas sensor includes a macro pore between nanofibers and a meso pore between nano-rods and / or nano-grains, gas diffusion and surface area can be maximized. Also, the ultra-sensitive sensor having high stability in view of mechanical, thermal, and electrical aspects can be obtained through rapid increase of adhesion between the metal oxide thin layer and the sensor electrode.

The invention provides a unitized membrane electrode assembly having a first gas diffusion backing having sealing edges; a polymer membrane; a second gas diffusion backing having sealing edges; a first electrocatalyst coating composition present at the interface of the first gas diffusion backing and the polymer membrane; a second electrocatalyst coating composition present at the interface of the second gas diffusion backing and the polymer membrane; and a thermoplastic polymer, fluid impermeable, seal, wherein the thermoplastic polymer is impregnated into the sealing edges of the first and second gas diffusion backings, and the seal envelops a peripheral region of both the first and second gas diffusion backings and the polymer membrane.

The invention provides a single-chamber microbial fuel cell, which takes a gas diffusion electrode as the negative electrode. The invention comprises a container, a positive electrode and a negative electrode; wherein, the positive electrode adopts a foamed metal electrode, the negative electrode adopts a gas diffusion electrode containing metallic catalyst, such as Ag, the container adopts a cylindric glass container, a water inlet opening is arranged at the lower end of the container, a water outlet opening is arranged at the upper end, a sealing cover is arranged at the upper part of the container, a sampling opening is arranged at the middle part of the sealing cover, the positive electrode is positioned at the inner side of the container, the negative electrode is positioned at the outer side of the container, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are arranged along the circumference of the container, copper conductors are connected between the both electrodes, and the both electrodes are connected with a load to form a closed loop. The gas diffusion electrode adopted by the invention exposes in the air, the oxygen gas in the air can be directly utilized as electron acceptors, an extra aerating device is not required; therefore the running cost is reduced. Organism, such as dextrose and discharge water can be used as the fuel of the cell, chemical energy can be effectively converted into electric energy; simultaneously, better discharge water processing effect can be achieved.

An inkjet assembly comprising a vented ink reservoir for containing a liquid ink therein, the vented ink reservoir defining an internal volume occupied at least in part by a semipermeable membrane in fluid communication with a vent that automatically adjusts for pressure differentials by enabling gaseous diffusion between an environment external to the vented ink reservoir and the internal volume of the vented ink reservoir, while inhibiting liquid diffusion therethrough. A method is also disclosed for mounting the semipermeable membrane to at least one of an ink reservoir cap and an ink tank.

A solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell is disclosed wherein a first gas diffusion layer, having a fuel electrode formed on an electrolyte membrane at one side thereof, and a second gas diffusion layer, having an oxidizer electrode formed on the electrolyte membrane at the other side thereof, are disposed and gas separators are placed on the first and second gas diffusion layers in opposition to the electrolyte membrane. A fuel gas flow passage, formed with fuel gas flow passages and oxidizer gas flow passages, is disposed between the gas separators and the first and second gas diffusion layers. The gas separators are formed in plate-shapes, respectively, and each has a surface, facing the gas diffusion members, formed with narrow recesses, available for water to transfer, which are provided in as area involving the fuel gas flow passages and the oxidizer gas flow passages and abutting surfaces between the gas flow passage members and the gas separators.

A gas diffusion media for a fuel cell, such as a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, is provided. The gas diffusion media includes carbonizable acrylic pulp fibers instead of conventional phenolic resin as a binder material. The acrylic fibers are mixed with the carbon fiber dispersion during the papermaking step, thus eliminating the phenolic resin impregnation step typically associated with conventional gas diffusion media manufacturing processes. The mat is then cured and carbonized to produce gas diffusion media.

A fuel cell including a water blocking layer positioned between anode gas flow channels and a gas diffusion media. The blocking layer prevents water from propagating through the gas diffusion media layer and entering the anode flow channels, while allowing gas from the flow channels to flow through the diffusion media layer to the membrane. A water accumulation channel can be provided around the perimeter of the gas diffusion media layer where blocked water is accumulated, and allowed to expand during cell freezing. A porous capillary wick can be provided in the accumulation channel for wicking water to the inlet end of the flow channels where it is used to humidify the anode gas coming into the fuel cell. The wick can have a tapered configuration so that it has a larger diameter at the gas input end of the flow channels.

A method to prepare membrane electrode by remaking quantum exchange membrane of perfluorosulphonic acid includes the following steps: 1) to placing the substance of perfluorsulphonic acid into water containing organic polarity solvent with low boiling point and dissolving it by heating in a sealed reactor, 2) drying the solution of perfluorosulphonic acid by heating, 3) adding high-boiling point organic solvent for dissolving the dried substance of perfluorosulphonic acid and placing it in the dryer for 24 hour for obtaining the membrane making liquid, 4) pouring the membrane making liquid into a mould after the mould being warmed and producing the membrance by vacuum heat drying, 5) spraying the membrane making liquid on the catalytic layer surface of multihole gaseous diffusion electrode and drying it by heating after it being airdried.

The invention provides a cooperative localization system of the gaseous diffusion source in the wireless sensor network based on the mobile proxy and a method thereof, wherein, the gaseous source detection sensor node automatically builds the network via the wireless mode. A metrological sensor node in the network provides the environment related information including wind speed and temperature; a time synchronous node provides the time synchronous information; the gaseous source detection sensor node periodically collects the measurement data of the gas concentration at the node position in the certain time interval; an alarm gaseous source detection sensor node works out the initial estimation of the position of the gaseous source according to the own local data, the metrological data of the metrological sensor and the mathematical model of the gaseous source diffusion, and generates a mobile proxy module carrying the estimation value of the position of the gaseous source and the optimal measurement data, and selectively transfers to a neighboring node; the neighboring node synthesizes the own sensor data and the information came from the mobile proxy module and re-estimates the position of the gaseous source for obtaining the optimum estimation of the position of the gaseous source.

Ink dispersions for use in fuel cells, comprising a mixture of: (1) a carbon-containing material, such as carbon black; and (2) a base or acid operable to adjust the pH of the ink dispersion, wherein the pH of the mixture has a zeta potential as close to lying outside the + / −30 mV range of the point of zero charge. The mixtures can also include a fluoropolymer, at least one alcohol, and water. The ink dispersions can be used in conjunction with the gas diffusion media components of the fuel cell, including proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The ink dispersions are very stable and can be used in conjunction with high current density applications.

A separator of a fuel cell, which is inserted between single cells, each single cell having an electrolyte sandwiched between electrodes, in order to stack the single cells together, includes gas diffusion portions which are arranged so as to cover a surface of the electrodes and in which are formed multiple air holes for gas diffusion, and spacer portions which form parallel divided gas passages on the back side of portions of the gas diffusion portions which cover the surface of the electrodes. The gas diffusion portions and the spacer portions are integrally formed by bending a wire mesh member to have a rectangular corrugated plate shaped cross-section. As a result, the air holes are formed evenly between the electrodes and the separator and high contact pressure is ensured by the contact of the fine wire mesh, thereby making it possible to both have the gas diffuse evenly and reduce the power collection resistance.

An electrochemical cell assembly with structural improvements for improving cell operation. The electrochemical cell assembly may include at least one of an extended MEA and chamfered edges on the flow field plates for preventing the shorting of the anode and cathode flow field plates. Further, the flow field plates may include a pocket for providing an appropriate space to accommodate a gas diffusion media and applying an appropriate amount of compression to the gas diffusion media.

The invention relates to an application of electrode gas diffusion layer in proton exchanging membrane fuel cell, taking metal net carrying carbon powder and lyophobic organic compound as the electrode gas diffusion layer. The preparation method is to make one surface or both surfaces of the metal net flat by carbon powder and lyophobic organic compound, and processing the metal net with the high temperature of 290 to 380 degrees centigrade under the protection of inert gases, by which the electrode gas diffusion layer is obtained and used in proton exchanging membrane fuel cell to instead of carbon paper or carbon cloth under the disposal of dewatering and flatting currently in current use. The electrode diffusion layer is characterized in burliness and fastness, being able to make into different shapes like tubular electrode, convinient electrode flowcombine and easy mass production.

A laminated layer fuel cell includes a solid polymer electrolyte layer, a pair of catalyst layers, and a pair of gaseous diffusion electrode layers, one of the pair of catalyst layers and one of the pair of gaseous diffusion electrode layers being formed on one side of the solid polymer electrolyte layer, and the other of the pair of catalyst layers and the other of the pair of gaseous diffusion electrode layers being formed on the other side of the solid polymer electrolyte layer, wherein the one of the pair of catalyst layers and the one of the pair of the gaseous diffusion electrode layers constitute a composite electrode layer, and the composite electrode layer has an amount in a range of 10000 to 12000 ml·mm / cm2 / min of air flow permeation in the thickness direction in a dried state.

The invention relates to a gaseous diffusion layer for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel battery and a preparation method thereof, relating to a gaseous diffusion layer for a fuel battery and a preparation method thereof. The invention is capable of settling the problem of uneven distribution of carbon paper or hydrophobic material in the existing gaseous diffusion layer which degrades the performance of the fuel battery due to relatively big concentration polarization and ohm polarization of the gaseous diffusion layer. The porous-material layer in the gaseous diffusion layer comprises a porous fiber layer and carbon nano-palp growing on the fibers of the porous fiber layer. The preparation method of the invention includes the procedures that the porous fiber layer is rinsed and dried; nano-particles of cobalt, nickel or cobalt-nickel alloy are loaded onto the fiber surface; hydrophobic treatment is conducted; and the slurry is coated on the surface of the supporting layer and sintered. The hydrophobic materials of the gaseous diffusion layer are distributed evenly, as a result, the concentration polarization and the ohm polarization of the gaseous diffusion layer are lowered and the performance of the fuel battery is improved. Besides, the equipments needed by the method are simple and are easy to realize.

Apparatus for plasma processing of semiconductor substrates. Aspects of the apparatus include an upper shield with a gas diffuser arranged at a center of the upper shield. The gas diffuser and upper shield admit a process gas to a processing chamber in a laminar manner. A profile of the upper shield promotes radial expansion of the process gas and radial travel of materials etched from a surface of the substrates. Curvatures of the upper shield direct the etched materials to a lower shield with reduced depositing of etched materials on the upper shield. The lower shield also includes curved surfaces that direct the etched materials toward slots that enable the etched materials to exit from the process chamber with reduced depositing on the lower shield.

An inkjet assembly comprising a vented ink reservoir for containing a liquid ink therein, the vented ink reservoir defining an internal volume occupied at least in part by a semipermeable membrane in fluid communication with a vent that automatically adjusts for pressure differentials by enabling gaseous diffusion between an environment external to the vented ink reservoir and the internal volume of the vented ink reservoir, while inhibiting liquid diffusion therethrough. A method is also disclosed for mounting the semipermeable membrane to at least one of an ink reservoir cap and an ink tank.