The invention discloses an efficient filling mining method for an extra-thick coal seam. The method comprises the following steps that mining and filling key technical parameters are determined; a roadway and a mining and filling production system are arranged; a mining and filling connection sequence is determined, milling type coal mining is carried out, a long "ship"-shaped deep groove goaf isconstructed, the goaf is filled, and the goaf is filled close to back; and safe and efficient mining of the extra-thick coal seam, low-cost and efficient filling of coal gangue and the like and effective protection of the ecological environment are achieved. The method can improve the coal mining capacity, reduce the coal mining cost, simplify the mining and filling connection relation, improve the filling capacity, guarantee the mining and filling safety, optimize the filling space structure, achieve full-volume filling of the goaf, simplify the filling process system, reduce the filling cost, expand the filling mining application range, liberate stagnant coal resources, improve the mine recovery rate, efficiently fill the ground and the underground coal gangue at low cost, solve the ecological environmental protection problem, and achieve coal resource development and utilization optimization and ecological environment influence minimization on the whole.