59 results about "Immune mechanisms" patented technology

The invention belongs to the technical field of formula design and machining process of feeds, and particularly relates to a novel roaster biological feed and a preparation method thereof. The novel roaster biological feed comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-12 parts of extruded corn, 12-14 parts of extruded wheat, 15-17 parts of high-protein extruded bean pulp, 22-27 parts of northeast maize, 2-4 parts of imported fish meal, 6-8 parts of whey powder, 2-3 parts of first-grade bean oil, 7-10 parts of Chinese medicinal herb fermented matter, 10-14 parts of premix A and 2-4 parts of premix B. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: secondarily crushing and mixing the raw materials, preparing into a particle semi-finished product and a powder-shaped semi-finished product, and mixing the particle semi-finished product with the powder-shaped semi-finished product to obtain the novel roaster biological feed. The novel roaster biological feed is reasonable and effect in formula; and through a mutual cooperation action of the Chinese medicinal herb fermented matter, an enzymic preparation and a microbial ecological agent in the formula, the gastric acid secretion state of a roaster can be well regulated, the development of intestinal tract villusin is improved, the immunologic mechanism of the roaster is improved, the feed desire of the roaster is promoted, the increase of food consumption of the roaster is promoted, and the weaning stress effect of the roaster is delayed.

The invention relates to a grass carp interleukin 1 beta gene and protein and a recombinant expression method thereof. The invention provides the grass carp interleukin 1 beta gene and the grass carp interleukin 1 beta protein coded by the gene. The recombinant expression method of the invention adopts homology cloning technology to clone and obtain the cDNA complete sequence of the grass carp interleukin 1 beta gene, uses the mature peptide sequence of the grass carp interleukin 1 beta gene to construct a prokaryotic expression vector and screens out a recombinant expression system used for efficiently expressing the grass carp interleukin 1 beta gene. The recombinant expression method of the invention comprises the following steps: 1. performing gene cloning; 2. constructing and screening the recombinant expression vector; and 3. expressing the recombinant protein, and separating and purifying the expression products. The beneficial effect of the invention is that the technical scheme of the invention can be used to perform the industrialized production of the recombinant interleukin 1 beta, and the recombinant interleukin 1 beta can be used in the theoretical research of the immunologic mechanism of fish.

The invention discloses a fermented astragalus composite preparation which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 200-300 parts of fermented astragalus powder, 20-30 parts of isatis root, 15-25 parts of echinacea purpurea, 3-8 parts of vitamin C, 80-120 parts of selenium yeast, 40-60 parts of zymosan and 500-600 parts of fumei powder, wherein the fermented astragalus powder is prepared by mixing, fermenting and culturing bacillus subtilis B7348 and bacillus subtilis N9-1-35 in an aqueous solution of astragalus and freeze-drying the fermented product. The invention further discloses a preparation method of the fermented astragalus composite preparation. The fermented astragalus composite preparation can be used for comprehensively starting the immune mechanisms of animals, improving the immunity and the stress resistance, shortening the recovery periods of sick animals, reducing the death and culling rates of animals and improving the production performance of animals, is environmentally friendly, safe and efficient and does not have toxic or side effect.

The invention relates to a fingerprint image segmentation method based on artificial immunogenetics and morphology, belonging to the technical field of image processing. In the invention, an optimal segmentation threshold is calculated by an artificial immunogenetic method; the algorithm integrates the immune mechanism and evolution mechanism, absorbs the advantage of parallel searching in the genetic algorithm, can effectively prevent the phenomenon of colony degradation on the basis of quick searching by vaccine inoculation and vaccine selection, and uses fingerprint image grey scale value consistency and antibody concentration in the segmentation method based on grey scale and gradient distribution as the affinity function of the antibody to carry out genetic iteration, thereby generating the optimal antibody; and therefore, the method can effectively segment the fingerprint image, has the characteristics of favorable segmentation effect, high robustness, low calculation amount and low time consumption, and can satisfy the requirement for real-time fingerprint identification.

The invention relates to a folium cortex eucommiae extract and application thereof. Ingredients such as chlorogenic acid, flavone, polysaccharide and the like which have broad physiological activity and pharmacological activity and have the effects of disinhibiting gallbladder, resisting bacteria and the like are extracted from folium cortex eucommiae and are used for preparing a feed additive. The extract has the effects of strengthening immunologic mechanism of livestock and poultry and improving the flavor of animal products, has the functions of promoting growth and the like which are possessed by vitamin, and is a natural feed additive which has good development prospect.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a tissue engineering acellular vascular scaffold. Enhanced tissue engineering blood vessels without immunogenicity can be obtained by embedding micron high-molecular polymer scaffold into subcutaneous part or abdominal cavity of a host and performing acellular treatment on the blood vessel scaffold wrapped by utilizing a host immune protection mechanism. The preparation method has the advantages that deficient mechanical performance of the tissue engineering acellular blood vessel can be solved, and the mechanical performance of the original tissue engineering acellular vascular scaffold can be fully improved through a multilayer cross-linked mesh type high-molecular scaffold; the problem of immunogenicity of the tissue engineering blood vessel in allotransplantation can be solved, the scaffold blood vessel formed by migrating cells caused by immunologic mechanism is established in a host animal body, the transplanted immunoreaction can be reduced through acellular treatment, extracellular matrix is fully utilized to provide a good environment for cell regeneration; and different acellular vascular scaffolds can be prepared through designing scaffolds of different shapes and sizes of by utilizing the method, so as to be applied under different blood vessel transplanting conditions.

The invention discloses applications of tobacco Mildew resistance locus O (MLO) genes MLO2, MLO6 and MLO12 in the preparation of tobacco varieties resistant to powdery mildew, and a method for preparing the tobacco varieties resistant to powdery mildew. Through the construction of an editing inactive carrier containing polycistron tRNA-gRNA editing MLO2, MLO6 and MLO12 genes, tobacco can show obvious resistance on powdery mildew after the MLO2, MLO6 and MLO12 genes are inactivated by editing; and research results have important application values on researching the anti-disease immune mechanisms of plant on fungi and cultivating the tobacco varieties resistant to the powdery mildew.

The present invention relates to a gene and a protein of grass carp interleukin 10 and a recombinant expression method thereof. The present invention provides a gene sequence of grass carp interleukin 10 and a grass carp interleukin 10 protein sequence coded by the gene sequence, and puts forward a prokaryotic recombinant expression method of the grass carp interleukin 10. A homologous cloning technology is employed to obtain a cDNA complete sequence of the grass carp interleukin 10 gene; a mature peptide sequence of the grass carp interleukin 10 gene is employed to construct prokaryotic expression vectors; and screening is carried out to obtain a prokaryotic expression system for efficient expression of the grass carp interleukin 10 gene. The method comprises specific steps of: 1. gene cloning; 2. construction of the recombinant expression vector; and 3. expression of the recombinant protein, and separation and purification of expression products. The invention has beneficial effect that the technical scheme of the invention can realize industrialized production of the recombinant grass carp interleukin 10, thereby applying the recombinant grass carp interleukin 10 to theoretical study on the mechanism of immunity of fish.

The present invention relates to an immunologic mechanism for gastrointestinal diseases such as non-infectious gastrointestinal diseases including child non-infectious gastrointestinal diseases, and anovel application of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and / or an antiplatelet drug to treatment of the gastrointestinal diseases such as the non-infectious gastrointestinal diseases.

It is intended to provide an evaluation method and a screening method capable of eliminating a substance that disturbs in vivo kinetics in an individual and capable of simply and easily searching a substance having an action of activating / suppressing an innate immune mechanism without being affected by LPS derived from bacteria, which can be contaminated during the search, as well as a drug and a food for activating / suppressing the innate immune mechanism, and methods of producing the same. The present invention provides a method of evaluating or screening the substance having the action of activating / suppressing the innate immune mechanism using a muscular contraction of an organism having the innate immune mechanism as an indicator, and methods of producing the drug and the food for activating / suppressing the innate immune mechanism. Also, an innate immunity activator and the food having the action of activating the innate immune mechanism containing the substance having the action of contracting the muscle of the organism having the innate immune mechanism, and an innate immunity suppressor and the food having the action of suppressing the innate immunity containing the substance having the action of suppressing the contraction of the muscle of the organism having the innate immune mechanism are provided.

The invention discloses a 38kDa antigen for Baylisascaris schroederi of giant pandas, a preparation method for the antigen and application of the antigen. A gene of the antigen is a Bsc38 gene; a nucleotide sequence of the gene is shown in a table 1; the Bsc38 gene encodes a nucleotide sequence of mature peptide; and a corresponding amino acid sequence is shown in a table 2. A candidate antigen which is used for preparing a genetic engineering vaccine for preventing and controlling Baylisascaris schroederi disease of the giant pandas is identified and screened to solve the problems that Baylisascaris schroederi disease of the giant pandas is prepared and controlled mainly by medicines at present, medicine-resistant worm strains are caused by the frequent use of medicines, the pollution of food chains and environments is caused by chemical medicines, and the like. Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that the antigen can reduce the medicine-resistant worm strains and the pollution of the medicines to the food chains and the environments in the medicine control process of Baylisascaris schroederi disease of the giant pandas, and can reduce the repeated infection of pandas in natural environments. The invention discloses a molecular immunologic mechanism after larvae of the Baylisascaris schroederi are infected with a host for the first time at home and abroad.

The invention relates to a DC-based glioma holoantigen vaccine and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method includes the steps of 1), acquiring immature DCs; 2), adding in glioma holoantigen and then co-culturing the glioma holoantigen with the immature DCs; and 3), adding in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin or lipopolysaccharide to continuously culture for 10-24 hours until DCs are matured and loaded with the glioma holoantigen. The DC-based glioma holoantigen vaccine carries complete antigenic information and is high in immunogenicity and specificity and capable of effectively regulating body immune mechanisms for gliomas.

The present invention discloses a piglet composite premix composition. The composition comprises the following raw materials, wherein the raw materials comprise, by mass: 0.04-0.05 parts of glycine zinc, 0.1-0.2 parts of ferrous fumarate, 0.01-0.015 parts of yeast selenium, 0.1-0.15 parts of ethoxyquin, 0.1-0.3 parts of yeast chromium, 0.05-0.1 parts of lysine zinc, 10-25 parts of calcium hydrogen phosphate, 40-60 parts of zeolite powder, and 10-20 parts of calcium carbonate. The 1 Kg of the prepared piglet composite premix composition further comprises: 240-300 IU of VE, 800-900 mg of VB2, 500-600 mg of VB12, and 350-400 mg of VB6. With adopting the piglet composite premix composition of the present invention in the feed ration, the appetite of the piglets can be enhanced, and the growthdevelopment and the tissue regeneration of the body can be promoted; with accelerating the glucose utilization in the body, the protein metabolism and the growth development are promoted so as to increase the feed intake, and completely digest, absorb and utilize the nutrient substances in the feed; with participating in the immune function, the immune mechanism is enhanced, the resistance is improved, and the external stress can be effectively resisted.

The invention provides a cow lysozyme (Lyz) gene mammary gland specific expression plasmid as well as a construction method and application thereof. Specifically, a coding sequence of a Lyz gene is subjected to PCR amplification, the Lyz gene is inserted into a multiple cloning site of a universal expression vector pEGFP-N1 carrying an enhanced green fluorescent protein gene; Ase I+Hind III doubleenzyme digestion is conducted on the universal expression vector pEGFP-N1 so as to remove a CMV promoter, a cow mammary gland specific expression beta-lactoglobulin gene (BLG) promoter sequence is cloned, Ase I and HindIII restriction enzyme cutting sites are replaced, and the cow Lyz gene mammary gland specific expression plasmid is constructed. The recombinant plasmid is adopted to transfect cow mammary epithelial cells, and an obtained cell line can be used for secreting cow lysozyme with biological activity and used for cow mammary tissue immune mechanism research; and the recombinant plasmid can also be applied to research and development of preparations for gene therapy of cow mastitis.

The invention discloses a construction method of a drug evaluation model for dermal pathology of a tuberculosis rabbit. The method comprises: selecting a rabbit, injecting an immune drug into rabbit, conducting BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) vaccine immune injection on the 15th to 20th day of drug intervention, and carrying out bacterial and pathological examination so as to construct a pathological model. The method of the invention establishes a pathological model of drug intervention on drug cutaneous tuberculosis with obvious symptoms so as to conduct visual research on tuberculosis pathology and bacterial pathogenicity, thus providing a visual animal model for vaccines and screening of drugs treating a tuberculosis necrotic liquefied cavity. And the model is stable and repeatable. The invention establishes a drug intervention procedure and observation indexes for research of drug intervention on a tuberculosis granuloma liquefaction process, and also provides a research basis for probing an immune mechanism about the formation of a tuberculosis liquefied cavity.

The invention discloses healthcare five-cereal powder and a preparation method. The healthcare five-cereal powder comprises the following components in parts by mass: 30-50 parts of black soybeans, 10-20 parts of black rice, 10-20 parts of black sesame, 1-10 parts of black pumpkin seeds, 1-10 parts of gorgon euryale seeds, 1-10 parts of tartary buckwheat, 2-12 parts of common yam rhizome, 5-15 parts of walnut kernels, 1-5 parts of radix puerariae, 0.1-0.5 part of semen allii tuberosi, 0.1-0.5 part of abelmoschus esculentus, 1-8 parts of pinto beans, 2-6 parts of chestnuts, 5-15 parts of red dates, 0.1-0.3 part of lotus seeds and 0.1-0.5 part of Chinese angelica. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) raw material selection; (2) composition preparation; (3) low-temperature baking; (4) liquid nitrogen quick freezing; (5) raw material smashing; (6) raw material freeze-drying; and (7) sub-packaging. In the healthcare five-cereal powder, by making full use of the nutrition characteristics of the cereals and through scientific proportioning, the active ingredients are completely maintained, and the healthcare five-cereal powder is pure natural without additive and is green and healthy, adjusts the immunologic mechanism of human body and realizes the healthcare functions of adjusting and removing toxin, nourishing kidney and strengthening body, clearing heat and removing toxin, tonifying deficiency and replenishing essence, expelling stone and draining water, clearing urinary tract, nourishing kidney and moistening lung, tonifying liver and improving vision and the like.

The present invention discloses a litopenaeus vannamei haemocyanin antibacterial peptide, which has the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:1 in the sequence table, and has the molecular weight of 1875 Da. The invention further discloses applications of the litopenaeus vannamei haemocyanin antibacterial peptide, particularly applications of the litopenaeus vannamei haemocyanin antibacterial peptide in preparation of drugs for treatment or prevention of Gram-negative bacteria. According to the present invention, the foundation is established for the subsequent further study on the immunologic defence mechanism of litopenaeus vannamei and the development of antibacterial drugs.

Alveolar macrophages contribute to host defenses against influenza. Enhancing their function contributed to protection against influenza and other acute lethal pulmonary infections. Wild-type mice and Tg mice expressing GM-CSF in the lung were infected with influenza virus, and lung pathology, weight loss and mortality were measured. GM-CSF was also administered to lungs of wild-type mice that were infected with influenza virus. All Tg mice expressing GM-CSF in the lungs survived with greatly reduced weight loss and lung injury and histologic evidence of a rapid host inflammatory response that controlled infection vs. wild-type mice not expressing GM-CSF in the lungs. This resistance to influenza was abrogated by elimination of alveolar phagocytes, but not by depletion of T cells, B cells or neutrophils. Tg mice had far more alveolar macrophages than wild-type mice and were more resistant to influenza-induced apoptosis. Delivery of intranasal GM-CSF to wild-type mice also conferred influenza resistance. Therefore, GM-CSF confers resistance to influenza by enhancing innate immune mechanisms that depend on alveolar macrophages. Pulmonary delivery of GM-CSF is therefore useful for reducing the significant morbidity and mortality due to influenza virus and is similarly useful in pulmonary infection caused by other infectious viral and bacterial agents.

The invention belongs to the technical field of animal infectious disease prevention, and relates to a mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine low-adhesion low-invasiveness mutant strain B2909. The mutant strain contains a mutant gene of mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine FadD18, and a nucleotide sequence thereof is shown as SEQ ID NO: 1. The mutation site is located at the 3925305 site of the genome, and islocated at the 581 site of the FadD18 gene sequence, and the gene is a novel structural gene and a functional gene. The mutant strain of the invention has low adhesion, low invasiveness, high growthrate, and no morphological difference from the wild strain. The mutant strain B2909 is preserved at the China Center for Type Culture Collection with a preservation number of CCTCC NO: M 2018866. Themutant gene and the mutant strain thereof of the present invention are expected to be applied in a mycobacterium bovis pathogenic mechanism research, an immune mechanism research and preparation of avaccine or a drug for preventing bovine tuberculosis.

The invention discloses a SKH-1 mouse skin squamous carcinoma cell line and application thereof in the preparation of a transplanted tumor model. The SKH-1 mouse skin squamous carcinoma cell line is named as XL50 and is preserved in the China Center for Type Culture Collection, and the preservation number is CCTCC NO:C201827. The content of an obtaining method of the SKH-1 mouse skin squamous carcinoma cell line includes the steps that a SCC model is constructed by UV-induced mice; primary culture of mouse skin squamous carcinoma cell XL50 is performed; tumorigenicity test of the mouse skin squamous carcinoma cell XL50 is performed; and the SKH-1 mouse transplanted skin squamous carcinoma cell model is constructed. The cell is good in growth and can be continuously passaged and stably proliferated, the culture conditions, passage and cryopreservation methods of the cell are all conventional cell culture techniques, and the operation is convenient. The cell is fast in cell proliferationand high in degree of malignancy. The prepared cell line can be well applied to the construction of an immunogenic transplanted tumor model, not only makes up for the limitation of long modeling period of an original mouse SCC model and the tumor size, but also makes up for the lack of immune function of transplanted tumors in nude mice, and provides a good model for future research on SCC-related immune mechanisms.

The invention discloses a fermented astragalus compound preparation, which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 200-300 parts of fermented astragalus powder, 20-30 parts of Radix Radix, 15-25 parts of Echinacea purpurea, 3-8 parts of vitamin C, and 80 parts of yeast selenium 120 parts, 40-60 parts of zymosan, 500-600 parts of fumei powder; the fermented astragalus powder is mixed fermentation culture of Bacillus subtilis B7348 and Bacillus subtilis N9-1-35 in aqueous solution of astragalus, and the fermentation product is frozen Prepared dry. The invention also discloses a preparation method of the fermented astragalus compound preparation. The fermented astragalus compound preparation of the present invention can fully activate the autoimmune mechanism of animals, improve immunity and anti-stress ability, shorten the recovery period of sick animals, reduce the death rate of animals, improve animal production performance, and is green, safe, efficient, and non-toxic. toxic side effect.

The invention relates to the technical field of drugs, and relates to a preparation method of a two-component drug for treating tinea pedis. By virtue of oral administration and external application,the tinea pedis can be jointly healed; a component A is prepared, an extracted vitamin B family belongs to water soluble vitamins and has efficacies for regulating the metabolism, facilitating the regeneration of cells, keeping the health of the foot skin, preventing reoccurrence of the tinea pedis and improving the immunity system and the nervous system; the Chinese herb decoction has efficaciesfor clearing away the internal heat, eliminating the toxicity, repelling the wind, removing the dampness, nourishing the kidney, tonifying Qi, clearing and activating the channels and collaterals, promoting the foot bottom blood circulation, improving the immunity defense capacity of the body, promoting the healing of the tinea pedis, adjusting the immunity mechanism of the body, and controlling the reoccurrence and reducing the occurrence of the tinea pedis. The boric acid has an effect of inhibiting mycete, the salicylic acid can inhibit the fungus, soften the epidermis and remove cutin; methenamine has an effect of hidroschesis and convergence; the zinc oxide has an effect for relieving the itching and converging; phenol has a sterilizing and disinfecting effect; metronidazole can resist the anaerobic infection; nitrofurazone has an inflammation eliminating effect; and the two-component drug easily coats the skin surface to form a film, thereby playing the effect and promoting the healing of the tinea pedis.

The invention provides a compound preparation for treating chicken colibacillosis. The compound preparation comprises 3-5 parts of red peony roots, 3-5 parts of Chinese pulsatilla roots, 4-6 parts of andrographis paniculata, 2-3 parts of astragalus, 2-3 parts of radix isatidis, 2-3 parts of ephedra herb, 2-4 parts of herba portulacae and 3-5 parts of licorice. The compound preparation has the advantages that composing prescription of the compound preparation is based on chicken infectious pathology knowledge of the traditional Chinese veterinary medicine which is combined with modern immune mechanisms and clinical pharmacodynamic methods, the compound preparation has functions of heat clearing, toxicity removing, dampness eliminating, dysentery stopping, body resistance strengthening, pathogenic factor eliminating, blood circulation activating, stasis removing and the like, and effects of quickly supplementing electrolytes and improving body immunity can be realized; the compound preparation can become effective fast, is convenient to take and is nontoxic and harmless when used in the aspect of treating the chicken colibacillosis.

The invention belongs to the technical field of infectious disease prevention and control of animals, and relates to a mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette guerin vaccine low-invasiveness mutant strain B2801. The mutant strain contains a mutant gene of a mycobacterium bovis BCG_2658, the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is shown as SEQ ID NO.1, a mutation site is located behind a site 2922763 of a genome and behind a site 748 of the BCG_2658 gene sequence, and the mutant strain is a novel structural gene and a functional factor. The mutant strain has low invasiveness, low intracellularsurvival capacity, high growth speed, no cord-like structure and microcolony morphology. The mutant strain is preserved at the China Center for Type Culture Collection, with the preservation CCTCC NO:M 2018864. The seperated mutant gene and the mutant strain thereof can be expected to be applied to research on the pathogenic mechanism and immune mechanism of mycobacterium bovis and preparation ofdrugs for preventing and treating bovine tuberculosis.

The present invention discloses a litopenaeus vannamei haemocyanin antibacterial peptide, which has the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:1 in the sequence table, and has the molecular weight of 1837 Da. The invention further discloses applications of the litopenaeus vannamei haemocyanin antibacterial peptide, particularly applications of the litopenaeus vannamei haemocyanin antibacterial peptide in preparation of drugs for treatment or prevention of bacteria. According to the present invention, the foundation is established for the subsequent further study on the immunologic defence mechanism of litopenaeus vannamei and the development of antibacterial drugs.

The invention discloses a preparation method for a monoclonal antibody of T lymphocyte surface membranin CD3[epsilon] of tilapia and application. A hybridoma cell strain 2B2D7 is collected in China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC) on August, 20, 2020 and has an accession number of CCTCC NO: C2020134. According to the preparation method and the application, CD3[epsilon] and T lymphocyte swarms of the tilapia can be sorted specifically, and an important immunologic tool can be provided for researching an adaptive immunologic mechanism of the tilapia.

The invention relates to a scorpion wine and a method for making the same, wherein, the scorpion wine is processed from corn wine through adopting raw materials according to the following weight proportion: 1 to 10 portions of scorpion (or 0.002 to 0.01 portion of scorpion venom), 0.4 to 4 portions of yam, 0.4 to 4 portions of aweto, 2 to 20 portions of Chinese date, 4 to 40 portions of medlar, 0.8 to 8 portions of red sage root, 0.6 to 6 portions of fleece-flower root and 4 to 40 portions of honey. The method includes the following steps: (1) alive scorpions are immersed in corn wine of 4 to 5 times weight for 12 hours to 360 hours at 10 DEG C to 60 DEG C to obtain scorpion venom wine macerate liquid; (2) yam, aweto, Chinese date, medlar, red sage root and fleece-flower root are immersed in corn wine of 8 times to 10 times weight for 12 hours to 720 hours at 10 DEG C to 80 DEG C to obtain wine macerate liquid; (3) both wine macerate liquids are combined with proportioning honey added to be blended into low alcohol wine or high alcohol wine which undergoes split charging, examination and warehousing. Keeping regular drinking of the scorpion wine can improve immunity of human body to increase disease resistance and prevent disease.

Simultaneous expression of a plurality of foreign genes by using a stealthy RNA gene expression system that is a complex that does not activate the innate immune mechanism and is formed from an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a single-strand RNA binding protein, and negative-sense single-strand RNAs including the following (1) to (8): (1) a target RNA sequence that codes for any protein or functional RNA; (2) an RNA sequence forming a noncoding region and derived from mRNA; (3) a transcription initiation signal sequence recognized by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; (4) a transcription termination signal sequence recognized by the polymerase; (5) an RNA sequence containing a replication origin recognized by the polymerase; (6) an RNA sequence that codes for the polymerase; (7) an RNA sequence that codes for a protein for regulating the activity of the polymerase; and (8) an RNA sequence that codes for the single-strand RNA binding protein.