The invention relates to a conical air floating shaft system, which comprises an air floating main shaft, an air floating inner shaft sleeve, an air floating outer shaft sleeve, and positioning plates, wherein the air floating inner shaft sleeve is arranged on the outer side of the air floating main shaft, and is matched with the air floating main shaft, the air floating outer shaft sleeve is arranged on the outer side of the air floating inner shaft sleeve, and is matched with the air floating inner shaft sleeve, and the positioning plates are arranged on both ends of the air floating main shaft. The positioning plates are fixedly connected with the air floating main shaft. Both ends of the air floating outer shaft sleeve are provided with an anti-thrust plate. The anti-thrust plate is fixedly connected with the positioning plate. In the prior art, the positioning accuracy of the existing air floating shaft system is not high, and the dry friction is easily generated. With the present invention, the technical problems in the prior art are solved, and the conical air floating shaft system is provided, wherein the conical air floating shaft system integrates the advantages of the air floating main shaft, the air floating main shaft is matched with the air floating shaft sleeves so as to effectively improve the stiffness of the shaft system, the conical surface match is adopted so as to provide high centering accuracy, and it can be ensured that the air floating shaft system of the present invention has high accuracy when the off-axis end surface is high.