The invention discloses a dual-aperture photoelectric imaging system-based unmanned aerial vehicle detection and recognition system. According to the dual-aperture photoelectric imaging system-based unmanned aerial vehicle detection and recognition system, a wide-angle camera and a long-focus camera are adopted as an unmanned aerial vehicle detection device and recognition device respectively for performing monitoring; and a monitoring image sequence is acquired, a target detection algorithm is adopted to detect an unmanned aerial vehicle suspected target, a pattern recognition algorithm is adopted to recognize the suspected target, and after the target is confirmed, the track is tracked, interfered and controlled. Photoelectric sensors are adopted as the unmanned aerial vehicle detection device and recognition device, and therefore, the dual-aperture photoelectric imaging system-based unmanned aerial vehicle detection and recognition system has the advantages of high reliability, low cost and the like; the suspected target is searched in a large space region by means of a wide-angle imaging system, and the target is confirmed and tracked by means of a long-focus imaging system which is a two-axis turntable, and therefore, requirements for high detection rate and high accuracy can be satisfied, the reliability of the system can be greatly improved, and therefore, the system can bring outstanding economic benefits and has high practical value.