64results about How to "Minimize voltage" patented technology

Disclosed is a family of new DC/DC converters and a new control method. The converter comprises two bridge inverters, two full-wave rectification circuits and a current-doubler filter. Each inverter is able to generate a symmetrical and isolated AC output voltage. Phase-shift control is employed to control the phase difference between the two bridge inverters. By shifting the phase, the converter changes the two inverters' output voltage overlapping area to regulate its output voltage. The bridge inverters always operate at 50% duty cycle, like an open loop Bus Converter, to achieve wide-range zero voltage switching and eliminate circulating current for normal operation. For low output voltage regulation and soft start, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control is used. The converters and the control method improve power conversion efficiency, maximize magnetic component utilization, reduce semiconductor stress and decrease EMI emission.

The invention provides a plasma processing apparatus that realizes a most suitable inner environment of a vacuum vessel for each process. A plasma processing apparatus comprises a vacuum vessel 1, a first RF power supply 4, a second RF power supply 21, a third RF power supply 25, a first electrode 2 disposed within the vacuum vessel to which is supplied a mixture of a first RF voltage from the first RF power supply and a third RF voltage from the third RF power supply, a second electrode 14 disposed within the vacuum vessel to which is supplied a second RF voltage from the second RF power supply and having an upper surface mounting a sample 12, and a phase control unit 26 for controlling the phase difference of the second and third RF voltages, wherein the second and third RF voltages are of equal frequency, and the apparatus further comprises a first phase detecting means 32 for detecting the phase of the third RF voltage of the first electrode and a second phase detecting means 31 for detecting the phase of the second RF voltage of the second electrode, and based on the output of the first and second phase detecting means, controls the phase difference of the second and third RF voltages.

A flip-chip LED fabrication method includes the steps of (a) providing a GaN epitaxial wafer, (b) forming a first groove in the GaN epitaxial layer, (c) forming a second groove in the GaN epitaxial layer to expose a part of the N-type GaN ohmic contact layer of the GaN epitaxial layer, (d) forming a translucent conducting layer on the epitaxial layer, (e) forming a P-type electrode pad and an N-type electrode pad on the translucent conducting layer, (f) forming a first isolation protection layer on the P-type electrode pad, the N-type electrode pad, the first groove and the second groove, (g) forming a metallic reflection layer on the first isolation protection layer, (h) forming a second isolation protection layer on the first isolation protection layer and the metallic reflection layer, (i) forming a third groove to expose one lateral side of the N-type electrode pad, (j) separating the processed GaN epitaxial wafer into individual GaN LED chips, and (k) bonding at least one individual GaN LED chip thus obtained to a thermal substrate with a conducting material.

Invention resides in a switching amplifier having a quaternary input control signal that provides quaternary levels (1, 0H, -1, and 0L) which is coupled to an H-bridge amplifier to provide error cancellation in switching amplifier output signal. The quaternary control signal alternates from a zero state at a high level ("0H") to a zero state at a low level ("0L") between each non-zero state (+1 or -1). In a preferred embodiment, a three-level sigma-delta modulator is provided for greater operational efficiency for ease of detecting zero states and minimizing power. The three-level sigma-delta modulator receives and coverts an amplifier input signal into a ternary output signal that is then coupled to a ternary-to-quaternary converter to generate the quaternary control signal to provide as input to the H-bridge.

A driver circuit 10 is described for driving loads such as LED, OLED or LASER diode devices L. A switching converter 12 has a switching element M1 and reactive elements L1, C1 to provide an output switching voltage V1 by sequential switching operations of the switching element M1. The load L is connected to the output switching voltage. A linear current driver circuit 14 is connected in series to the load L and comprises an amplification element Q1 and a feedback circuit R1, 22 with a current control input V_{L, set}, I_B. In order to enable the circuit to be easily used, a control unit 16, 116, 216 is provided with a sensing input V_{L, 1}, V_{L, 2} for a current or voltage at the linear current driver 14. A microcontroller 30, 130, 230 executes a control program for processing the sensing input and providing both a current control output V_{L, set}, I_B and a switching control output V_{L, set} in accordance with a set current value I_set.

Provided is a liquid lens capable of adjusting a focus by using an electrical signal and/or a fluid pressure. The liquid lens includes a container which has a cavity of which the side cross section has a hemispherical shape and contains an insulating liquid droplet and a conductive liquid droplet which are not mixed in the cavity and have the same density, a lower substrate which is combined with a bottom surface of the container to seal a bottom surface of the cavity, and an upper substrate which is combined with a top surface of the container to seal a top surface of the cavity, wherein the container includes an outer wall where the cavity is formed, a first electrode which is formed on an inner side surface of the outer wall and of which the one end is connected to an external power supply, a first insulating film which is laminated a surface of the first electrode and is in contact with the conductive liquid droplet and the insulating liquid droplet, and a second electrode which is laminated on a portion of a surface of the first insulating film and of which the one end is in contact with the conductive liquid droplet and of which the other end is in contact with the external power supply. Accordingly, it is possible to more efficiently adjust a focus by using a small driving voltage by improving a structure of the cavity of the container.

An emergency power supply for a traction elevator system utilizes a microprocessor-based control arrangement with pulse-width modulator technology to create an efficient, cost-effective back-up power system for a traction elevator. The microprocessor-based control arrangement is used to sense a power loss, or any type of irregularity in the power supply. Upon sensing some type of power malfunction, the microprocessor-based control arrangement disconnects the elevator system from the main power source and then generates a control signal to initiate the supply of back-up power. Once the elevator electrical system has been recharged and stabilized, the microprocessor-based control arrangement will sense that recovery has occurred and will then provide an appropriate speed and direction command to the traction motor drive system.

The present invention provides a high-voltage tolerant input buffer circuit including a first NMOS transistor having its source terminal connected to the input pin, its gate terminal connected to a first reference voltage and its drain terminal connected to a first output terminal; a second NMOS transistor having its gate terminal connected to said first reference voltage and its source terminal connected to said first output terminal; a first PMOS transistor having its gate terminal connected to the drain terminal of said second NMOS transistor, its drain terminal connected to a second reference voltage lower than said first reference voltage and its source terminal connected to a second output terminal; a second PMOS transistor having its drain terminal connected to the drain terminal of said second NMOS transistor, its source terminal connected to said second output terminal, and its gate terminal connected to a control voltage; and a third PMOS transistor having its drain terminal connected to said second output terminal, its source terminal connected to a supply voltage, and its gate terminal connected to said control voltage.

Auto-calibration of the analog circuits occurs when requested by a user and/or the occurrence of an event(s). The user may invoke an auto-calibration on demand through an auto-calibration (A_CAL) input to the mixed-signal integrated circuit. An external voltage calibration (V_CAL) input may be used for auto-calibration of the mixed-signal integrated circuit to a user-supplied common-mode voltage reference. Auto-calibration of the mixed-signal integrated circuit may also be initiated upon the occurrence of any one or more of the following events: 1) detection of auto-calibration data corruption, e.g., parity checking of auto-calibration data values digitally stored in the mixed-signal integrated circuit; 2) an internal timer that causes a calibration request after a programmable timeout period, 3) change in the internal integrated circuit die temperature as determined by a temperature sensor, and 4) a change in the power supply and/or internal supply voltage(s).

A charge roller utilizes a foam rubber substance where epichlorohydrin oxide rubber and an acrylonitrile butadiene rubber are mixed at a ratio of 5:95, or utilizing a crosslinking rubber substance made of epichlorohydrin oxide rubber and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber having a polar low molecular polymeric characteristic, thus allowing the charge roller to maintain a low volume resistivity of 10⁷ Ω cm to 10⁸ Ω cm. As a result, the surface of a photosensitive drum can be charged by a minimum charging voltage, to thereby significantly reduce an amount of ozone. Since a non-crosslinked low molecular polymeric substance existing at a resilient rubber is significantly reduced, the low molecular polymeric substance of the charge roller may not be migrated onto a surface of the photosensitive drum even if the charge roller is in contact with a photosensitive drum for a long time period during a stoppage of operation of an image forming apparatus. As a result, the charge roller may not cause an abnormal phenomenon on the surface of the photosensitive drum.

This disclosure describes systems, methods, and apparatus for reducing a DC bias on a substrate surface in a plasma processing chamber due to cross coupling of RF power to an electrode coupled to the substrate. This is brought about via tuning of a resonant circuit coupled between the substrate and ground based on indirect measurements of harmonics of the RF field level at a surface of the substrate. The resulting reduction in DC bias allows a lower ion energy than possible without this resonant circuit and tuning thereof.

A digital-analog converter (DAC) cell circuit. The circuit includes a current source, a first resistor, a second resistor, a first MOSFET, a second MOSFET, a third MOSFET and a forth MOSFET. The first MOSFET has a source and a drain connected to the current source and the first resistor, respectively, and a gate receiving a first control signal. The second MOSFET has a source and a drain connected to the current source and the second resistor, respectively, and a gate receiving a second control signal. The third MOSFET has a source and a drain connected to the source and drain of the first MOSFET, respectively, and a gate receiving a third control signal. The fourth MOSFET has a source and a drain connected to the source and drain of the second MOSFET, respectively, and a gate receiving a fourth control signal. The third control signal is a signal delayed of the first signal and the forth control signal is a signal delayed of the second signal. The delayed control signal can be used to control the slew rate of current DAC cell, thus reduce the package inductance induced L di/dt noise. Also it can be used to reduce the voltage fluctuations during current switching so as to get fast settling current.

A method for binning and layout of an integrated circuit design which includes providing a table setting forth predefined widths of signal wires and corresponding spacing to shield wires, characterizing effects on timing, noise, and power distribution based on predefined widths and spacing combinations as functions of the length of the signal wire, and laying out the integrated circuit design based upon the predefined widths of signal wires and corresponding spacing to shield wires. The shield wires are adjacent and on both sides of the routed signal wire.

An improved dynamic shift register circuit is disclosed. A circuit design is provided to minimize overlapping between two adjacent output pulses in the dynamic shift register circuit. In an application of analog sample-and-hold circuit, the circuit design effectively improves a distortion of sampled data caused by significant overlapping of two adjacent output pulses as control signals.

A current control apparatus arranged to regulate an electric current flowing between a load and an external electric circuit includes a current control loop having a current regulator arranged to manipulate an amount of the electric current flowing between the load and the external electric circuit; and a voltage control loop having a voltage regulator arranged to manipulate a voltage across the current regulator.