The present invention discloses a hyper-heuristic algorithm-based multi-satellite earth observation task planning and scheduling method. The method comprises the steps of 1, conducting the initialization setting; 2, generating the initial solution of a problem and adopting the initial solution as a current solution; 3, calculating the evaluation value of each algorithm in an underlying algorithm set; 4, selecting one algorithm maximum in evaluation value out of all algorithms in the underlying algorithm set as an elite algorithm; 5, applying the elite algorithm to optimize the current solution of the multi-satellite cooperative earth observation task planning problem so as to obtain a novel solution and the running time of the elite algorithm; 6, calculating the fitness value of an optimized target and adopting the new solution as a current solution; 7, modifying the e1(h1), e2 (hk, hi) function; 8, modifying an algorithm running efficacy evaluation factor and an algorithm selection evaluation factor; 9, judging whether the running time of the hyper-heuristic algorithm reaches a preset maximum running time or not; if not, jumping to the step 3; otherwise, adopting the current solution as the planning optimum solution of the multi-satellite synergistic earth observation task. The method is applied to examples of different scales for solving the multi-satellite task planning and scheduling problem. Based on the method, the better problem solving efficiency and the better problem solving effect are realized.