The invention relates to a filling method and system of coal mine goaf. The filling system comprises a filling bin, a feeder, a weighing hopper, a stirrer, a slurry machine, a filling pump, a delivering pipeline, a working face pipe and a tee pipe, wherein the filling bin is respectively connected with the inlet of the stirrer through the feeder and the weighing hopper; and the outlet of the stirrer is connected to a filling point through the slurry machine, the filling pump, the delivering pipeline and a tee valve. The filling method comprises the steps that barren rocks with granularity of less than 25mm, a cementing agent, pulverized fuel ash and water are delivered to the weighing hopper through the feeder for weighing; the barren rocks, the cementing agent and the pulverized fuel ash are mixed in a mass ratio of 1:(0.22-0.80):(0.35-0.57), and are added with water to produce slurry in a mass concentration of between 70 and 83 percent through the stirrer; and the slurry is delivered to the filling point for filling through the slurry machine, the filling pump, the delivering pipeline, the working face pipe and the tee valve. According to the filling method and system, the sources of filling materials can be enlarged, the filling substance strength and durability can be increased, the filling material can be delivered to the filling point and uniformly filled by delivering and filling in a slurry state, and the filling effect can be improved.