49 results about "BLETILLA STRIATA TUBER" patented technology

The application discloses a planting method of rhizoma bletillae and a cross-ridge film-breaking and soil-covering machine. The planting method of rhizoma bletillae comprises the following steps: selecting a site, raising ridges, applying base fertilizer and covering a film, planting rhizoma bletillae, covering soil and harvesting. The film on both sides of the ridges is cut and soil is covered to increase the volume of the ridges before the tuber enlarges, so that the problem that the volume of the ridges limits the growth space of the underground creeping stem and tuber of rhizoma bletillae during the growth of rhizoma bletillae, thereby reducing the quality and yield of rhizoma bletillae, is solved. Meanwhile, the problem of root rot and other diseases caused by water accumulation in the field during flat planting is effectively solved by ridge cultivation. The film is covered on the ridges in the early stage, the problems of slow and inconsistent seedling emergence, reduction of grass on the ridge surface and fast water loss are solved, the film is broken in the later stage, the soil permeability is increased, and the enlargement of the underground tuber is facilitated.

The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating peptic gastric ulcer and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the field of biotechnology. The pharmaceutical composition contains chicken gizzard-membrane peptide, pumpkin seed extract, complex bacteria, white hyacinth bean flower extract and bletilla striata extract; the chicken gizzard-membrane peptide contains the products obtained by successively subjecting chicken gizzard-membrane to fractional enzymolysis with pepsin, chymotrypsin and keratinase; the pumpkin seed extract contains the products obtained by subjecting pumpkin seeds to co-enzymolysis with cellulase and pectinase and then successively to fractional enzymolysis with pepsin, nattokinase and aminopeptidase; the complex bacteria contain the co-fermentation bacteria of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus casei; the white hyacinth bean flower extract is an ethanol percolation extract; the bletilla striata extract contains the products obtained by subjecting bletilla striata tubers to co-enzymolysis with cellulase and pectinase and then successively to fractional enzymolysis with pepsin, bromelain and serrapeptase. The various components are used in combination, having a good therapeutic effect on gastric ulcer, quickly and efficiently repairing gastric mucosa, and being safe and free of side effects.

A new and distinct cultivar of Caladium plant named ‘UF-R301’, characterized by its compact, moderately vigorous growth habit; heart-shaped, peltate leaves that have a yellow, yellow-green, green-yellow, or green-white background color, numerous light red-purple spots, a red-purple basal notch, and midrib and primary veins that are red-purple near the center of leaf and gradually change into white or green-white near the leaf margin; and good to excellent tolerance to sunburns, and high tuber yield potential.

The invention discloses rhizoma polygonati powder and a production method thereof, and belongs to the field of traditional Chinese medicines. The method comprises the following specific steps: taking fresh rhizoma polygonati tubers, removing capillary roots and impurities, washing with clear water, and airing; beating into slurry by using a colloid mill, and adding a proper amount of water in the process to obtain slurry; heating the obtained slurry, sequentially carrying out enzymolysis through cellulase, pectinase, alpha-amylase and saccharifying enzyme, adjusting the pH value of enzymatic hydrolysate, carrying out enzyme inactivation treatment, and then carrying out drying treatment to obtain the rhizoma polygonati powder. The production method is short in period, simple in process and suitable for large-scale production, and the prepared rhizoma polygonati powder is slightly sweet in taste, free of numbness and high in polysaccharide content.

The present application relates to a kind of bacillus thuringiensis for preventing and treating spodoptera exigua and potato tuber moth.The bacillus thuringiensis is preserved in China Microorganism Culture Collection Center, and the preservation number is CGMCC No. 38161.

The utility model discloses a traditional chinese medicine rhizoma polygonati processing and impurity removing device, including turning and washing cage mechanism and the water tank of setting at turning and washing cage mechanism below position, the turning and washing cage mechanism is including the interval setting of both sides polyhedral support, a plurality of metal blocking net board structure can be dismantled and installed between polyhedral support, turning and washing cage mechanism still includes the spray -washing structure of setting in turning and washing cage mechanism, and the spray -washing structure includes long shower nozzle, and the bottom of long shower nozzle is equipped with a plurality of downward spray -washing setting's shower nozzle, the water outlet end position of water tank is installed with water pump, and the water outlet end of water pump is connected long shower nozzle. The above structure realizes the automatic cleaning, and can turn over the tuber big rhizoma polygonati in the cleaning process, improves the cleaning efficiency and improves the cleaning effect.

A new and distinct cultivar of Caladium plant named ‘UF-15-23’, characterized by its very compact growth habit; multiple lance or strap-type leaves that have a creamy background color, slightly ruffled dark green leaf margins, numerous colorful red-purple spots across the leaf blade; blooms with red-purple spots or blotches; moderate resistance to Fusarium tuber rot caused by Fusarium solani, and suitability for producing pot plants in small containers (4 inches in diameter) from No. 1-sized tubers without tuber de-eyeing.

A new and distinct cultivar of Caladium plant named ‘UF-15-23’, characterized by its very compact growth habit; multiple lance or strap-type leaves that have a creamy background color, slightly ruffled dark green leaf margins, numerous colorful red-purple spots across the leaf blade; blooms with red-purple spots or blotches; moderate resistance to Fusarium tuber rot caused by Fusarium solani, and suitability for producing pot plants in small containers (4 inches in diameter) from No.1-sized tubers without tuber de-eyeing.

The invention discloses a method for increasing the total alkaloid content of pinellia tuber and / or the yield of pinellia tuber, and belongs to the technical field of planting of traditional Chinese medicinal materials. The method comprises the step of spraying a betaine solution to pinellia ternate plant leaves in the pinellia ternate planting process. By applying 20 mmol / L of betaine solution, the total alkaloid content of the pinellia tuber can be increased by 82.85%, the fresh weight of the tuber can be increased by 31.29%, the dry weight of the tuber can be increased by 33.30%, and the diameter of the tuber can be increased by 12.70%. The method is easy to operate, low in input cost and environmentally friendly, the quality and yield of pinellia ternate tubers can be remarkably improved, and economic benefits of pinellia ternate planting production are increased.

The utility model discloses a traditional Chinese medicine lossless digging device which comprises a connector, the upper inner wall of the connector is provided with an internal thread groove, the connector is in threaded connection with a connecting rod through the internal thread groove, the lower end of the connecting rod is in sliding connection with a first sliding sleeve, and the lower end of the first sliding sleeve is in sliding connection with a second sliding sleeve; and a first matching groove is formed in the position, located on the right lower side of the internal thread groove, in the connector, a second matching groove is formed in the position, located on the right lower side of the first matching groove, in the connector, a medicine hoe is movably connected to the connector through the first matching groove, and a medicine rake is movably connected to the connector through the second matching groove. According to the traditional Chinese medicine picking device, after traditional Chinese medicine is dug out, soil can be shaken off from the surfaces of tubers of the traditional Chinese medicine, so that damage to the tubers is effectively reduced, and the medicine picking efficiency and quality are improved.

The present invention relates to a plant composition, a traditional Chinese medicine composition and use thereof. The plant composition comprises Prepared Monkshood Daughter Root (Aconitum carmichaelii), Fragrant Solomonseal Rhizome (Polygonatum odoratum), Indian Bread (Poria cocos), Pinellia tuber (Pinellia ternata), Oriental Wormwood Herb (Artemisia scoparia), Scutellaria Root (Scutellaria baicalensis), Mongolian Snakegourd Fruit (Trichosanthes kirilowii), Magnolia Bark (Magnolia officinalis), Heartleaf Houttuynia Herb (Houttuynia cordata) and Baked Licorice Root and Rhizome (Glycyrrhiza glabra), which is used as a traditional Chinese medicine composition. In addition, the traditional Chinese medicine composition can be used to treat pulmonary embolism or pulmonary fibrosis.

The invention relates to the technical field of deep processing of plants, in particular to a preparation method of rhizoma bletillae polysaccharide. The method comprises the following steps: (1) washing rhizoma bletillae tubers, slicing, drying and crushing, carrying out steam explosion treatment, and drying and crushing after treatment; (2) performing hot water extraction on the rhizoma bletillae powder subjected to steam explosion, retaining supernate, sequentially adding high-temperature-resistant alpha-amylase, saccharifying enzyme and protease, and taking supernate after enzyme deactivation; and (3) carrying out alcohol precipitation on the supernate, keeping the precipitate, washing with absolute ethyl alcohol, adding water into the precipitate, redissolving, and carrying out freeze drying to obtain the rhizoma bletillae polysaccharide. According to the method, the rhizoma bletillae is subjected to hot water extraction after being treated by the steam explosion technology, so that the extraction rate of the rhizoma bletillae polysaccharide is increased compared with that of only hot water extraction, and the prepared rhizoma bletillae polysaccharide is relatively high in sugar content.

The invention relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine planting, in particular to a nutrient solution and method for promoting the photosynthetic efficiency of under-forest polygonatum kingianum and application, and the nutrient solution comprises a nutrient solution A sprayed on leaf surfaces after seedlings grow uniformly, a nutrient solution B for irrigating roots at the beginning of a full growth period and a nutrient solution C sprayed on leaf surfaces at the beginning of a reproductive growth period. The reasonable application of NAA, IAA, 6-BA, GA3 and SA can promote the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of polygonatum kingianum leaves to be improved by 15.48%, the net photosynthetic rate to be improved by 33.47%, the stomatal conductance to be improved by 12.84%, the transpiration rate to be improved by 7.4% and the water utilization rate to be improved by 23.75%, and the biological yield of single plant tubers can be improved by 29.49% through the implementation of a plant growth regulator, major elements, medium elements, trace elements and alginic acid.

The invention relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicines, in particular to kumquat and bletilla striata buccal tablets and a preparation method thereof. According to the kumquat and bletilla striata tablet, kumquat powder and bletilla striata tuber powder serve as main components, auxiliary materials are added, water is added for wetting, then the tablet is formed in a direct tabletting mode, a patient enters the body through oral administration to exert activity, substances beneficial to the human body are released, and therefore the effect of being beneficial to human health is achieved. The method has the unique advantages of being good in stability, simple and flexible in design, convenient to transport and store and the like, the operation process can be mastered without professional training, large-scale application and popularization are easy, and great potential and wide prospects are achieved in the market.

The invention provides a method for comprehensively evaluating and analyzing the quality of different-section-age tubers of rhizoma polygonati, and belongs to the technical field of quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicinal materials. The method comprises the following steps: collecting rhizoma polygonati tubers planted for 4 years, dividing the rhizoma polygonati tubers into 1-4 section ages according to section age development characteristics, and measuring phenotypic indexes such as fresh weight, length, width and thickness, nutritional ingredients such as starch, reducing sugar, total protein and total amino acid, and medicinal ingredients such as polysaccharide, saponin, flavone and total phenol of the tubers of each section age; the method comprises the following steps: analyzing and comparing the difference of each index by adopting a single-factor variance, determining the correlation among the indexes through Person correlation analysis, and calculating a comprehensive membership value after standardizing the multiple indexes by utilizing a membership function method so as to evaluate the comprehensive quality of tubers of different section ages. According to the method, multi-dimensional systematic evaluation of the rhizoma polygonati tuber quality is realized, and a theoretical basis and data support are provided for excellent quality screening, grading and classification and comprehensive development and utilization of rhizoma polygonati.

‘Dozanwhamb’ is a new variety of calla lily plant having white spathes without a throat spot that produces approximately 11 inflorescences per 20-22 cm diameter tuber.

This utility model discloses a soaking and washing device for the traditional Chinese medicine Polygonatum sibiricum, characterized by comprising a soaking cylinder, within which a soaking chamber structure is provided; the soaking chamber structure includes a chamber cylinder with several soaking holes; a detachable cover is installed on the top of the chamber cylinder; a bottom turntable is rotatably connected to the bottom of the soaking cylinder to drive the chamber cylinder to rotate; the soaking chamber is limited on the bottom turntable by a guide wheel structure, the guide wheel structure including several wheel brackets fixedly installed at the top of the bottom turntable, with several guide wheels installed on the wheel brackets; several guide rails cooperating with the guide wheels are fixedly installed on the outer wall of the chamber cylinder; the bottom turntable is rotated by a drive structure. This utility model's soaking and washing device effectively solves many defects of traditional soaking and washing devices, such as cage soaking and washing, which suffer from poor washing effect, low washing efficiency, and the need for manual intervention due to the difficulty in fully reacting the plant tubers with the washing solvent during the washing process.

The invention belongs to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine planting, and particularly relates to application of strigolactone biosynthesis inhibitor in promoting gastrodia elata seed breeding. The strigolactones biosynthesis inhibitor has the function of specifically blocking SL synthesis key enzyme, and is used for treating gastrodia elata tubers, so that the content of superoxide anions in gastrodia elata and the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase can be enhanced, the content of soluble solids and malondialdehyde in gastrodia elata and the activity of peroxidase are reduced, and the yield of gastrodia elata is increased. Therefore, the bud dormancy of the gastrodia elata is favorably broken, the germination of latent buds of the gastrodia elata is promoted, and efficient, simple and large-scale breeding of the gastrodia elata seeds is realized.

The invention relates to the technical field of plant fertilizers, in particular to a water flush fertilizer for strengthening the functional quality of Chinese yam and a use method, the water flush fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 90-94 parts of a traditional Chinese medicine stock solution, 0.4-0.8 part of chitosan, 2-4 parts of amino acid raw powder and 3-6 parts of an EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid) decoction, the traditional Chinese medicine stock solution is prepared by decocting traditional Chinese medicinal materials, and the traditional Chinese medicinal materials are selected from at least one of the following combinations: a combination of rehmannia and herba epimedii, a combination of ligusticum wallichii and fructus aurantii, a combination of pinellia ternate and lotus leaves, a combination of lysimachia christinae hance and cortex phellodendri, and a combination of astragalus membranaceus and rhizoma anemarrhenae; after being diluted, the water flush fertilizer is directly applied in a water flush mode or dripped around yam tubers and / or root systems through a special drip irrigation device, so that the yam tubers and / or the root systems are soaked by the liquid medicine; the water flush fertilizer is a plant source water flush fertilizer with specific traditional Chinese medicine liquid as a main component, the content of functional substances in Chinese yam tubers is promoted and increased in combination with supplementation of medium trace elements, the health-care effect of Chinese yams is improved, and application is safe and reliable.

The invention creatively discloses a powder formula for treating hyperplasia of mammary glands, relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine preparations, and solves the technical problems of tedious decoction and inconvenient administration caused by use of decoction in the existing technical scheme, the powder formula comprises edible tulip, dragon's blood, sappan wood, fennel, clove and raw antler; each group comprises 50 parts of dried tubers of pseudobulbus cremastrae seu pleiones, 25 parts of dried blocks of dragon's blood, 20 parts of dried heartwood of sappan wood, 10 parts of dried mature fruits of fennel, 10 parts of dried flower buds of clove and 25 parts of antler of sika deer or red deer. The convenience and compliance of medication are greatly improved, and the requirements of modern fast-paced life are met; multiple pharmacological effects of detoxifying, activating blood, diminishing swelling, regulating qi to alleviate pain and the like of the medicinal materials are fully exerted, and related symptoms of hyperplasia of mammary glands can be effectively relieved and treated; the powder is sealed after being prepared and stored in a shady, cool and dry mode, medicine deterioration is effectively prevented, and safety is ensured.

The invention belongs to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine detection, and particularly relates to a method for rapidly determining the content of one or more heavy metals in gastrodia elata tubers through laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. The method for rapidly determining the content of one or more heavy metals in gastrodia elata tubers through laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy comprises the following steps: S1, pretreating a gastrodia elata sample, and preparing a tablet as a to-be-detected sample; s2, establishment of initial spectral data: detecting the tablet prepared in the step S1 by adopting a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy instrument, and collecting the spectral data; s3, measuring heavy metals in the gastrodia elata sample; s4, preprocessing the initial spectral data, and establishing a gastrodia elata heavy metal element content prediction model according to the heavy metal content data of the gastrodia elata sample in combination with a chemometrics method. The detection method provided by the invention can accurately and efficiently realize rapid quantitative detection of the heavy metal elements in the gastrodia elata sample.

The invention belongs to the technical field of microorganisms, and particularly relates to bacillus velezensis and application thereof. The bacillus velezensis is preserved in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC), and the preservation number is CGMCC 25698. The strain has a strong specific antagonistic effect on streptomyces scabies X-1 (Streptomyces scabies X-1), the prevention effect of a pot experiment reaches 70.90%, and the strain has no pathogenic risk on potato tubers. A further research shows that the bacillus velezensis XM18-5 has a broad-spectrum inhibition effect on 10 crop pathogenic fungi such as potato colletotrichum gloeosporioides, botrytis cinerea and the like, and has a very wide development and application prospect.

The invention discloses an application of an odorant released by pyemotes of Chinese beetles in inhibition of spawning of phthorimaea operculella, and relates to the technical field of biological control of agricultural pests. Experiments find that the odorant DMTS released by pyemotes of Chinese beetles can significantly inhibit the spawning amount of female adult phthorimaea operculella, and the effect is dose-dependent, so that the odorant DMTS can significantly inhibit the spawning amount of female adult phthorimaea operculella. The DMTS has the inhibition rate of more than 80% under the concentration of 0.9 mg / mL, the action mechanism of the DMTS is to inhibit maturation of oocytes in ovaries of female adults, so that the number of spawns can be reduced, and meanwhile, the DMTS can also interfere with the mating behavior of the adults, reduce the mating frequency and cooperatively inhibit population reproduction of the adults. The invention provides a core substance and an application basis for developing a novel green prevention and control technology for phthorimaea operculella by using natural enemy source volatile matters, and has the advantages of environmental friendliness, definite target and various action ways.

The invention relates to a preparation method of a rhizoma arisaematis processed product influencing miR-124 / 182 expression of an organism, and belongs to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine processing. The method comprises the following steps: taking tubers of rhizoma arisaematis, adding cold water to infiltrate, crushing, homogenizing and filtering to obtain filter residues I and filtrate I; centrifuging the filtrate I, performing low-temperature alcohol extraction on the centrifugal precipitate and the filter residue I, and filtering to obtain filtrate II; recovering ethanol from the filtrate II, concentrating to obtain extract, merging the extract into centrifugate, performing high-temperature hydrolysis treatment, refrigerating, filtering to obtain filter residue III and filtrate III, concentrating the filtrate III, merging the filtrate III with the filter residue III, drying, and crushing to obtain a rhizoma arisaematis processed product. Through a series of technical combinations, an active substance group capable of influencing the expression of microRNA (miRNA), especially miR-124 / 182, of an organism is created and prepared by taking rhizoma arisaematis as a raw material, and the application further has a huge prospect of developing drugs for influencing neuron damage repair, neuron apoptosis, nerve center excitability abnormality network stability and the like.

The invention discloses a pinellia tuber soft rot fungus infection dynamic detection method, which comprises: applying a pH indicator to a to-be-detected surface of a plant tissue sample, and carrying out timing observation after the application; the color change range of the pH indicator at least covers pH 5.0-pH 7.0. The invention provides a dynamic monitoring system combining chromogenic reaction and pH value change, the method can be used for dynamic detection of soft rot fungus infection of pinellia tuber tubers, the method is simple and convenient in detection process operation, does not need complex equipment, is suitable for laboratory environment and can also be used for rapid field detection, the detection efficiency is improved, and the detection scene is expanded.

The invention discloses a paddy field rhizoma corydalis traditional Chinese medicinal material harvester, and relates to the technical field of rhizoma corydalis harvesting equipment. A depth limiting digging shovel, a flexible lifting chain plate, a drum-type hydraulic loosening assembly, a lifting conveying belt with holes, a double-layer vibrating screen, a buffering conveying belt, a hydraulic sorting assembly, a stored material lifting belt and a material storage box are sequentially arranged in the material flow. During working, upturned soil is dug by the digging shovel, and the upturned soil is lifted and then sent into the drum-type hydraulic loosening assembly for loosening; after being preliminarily dehydrated by the lifting conveying belt with holes, the loosened materials are subjected to size grading by the double-layer vibrating screen, large and small impurities are removed, and final sorting is carried out by utilizing the hydraulic sorting tank, the water flow speed and the specific gravity difference. According to the paddy field rhizoma corydalis harvester, hydraulic loosening, vibration screening and hydraulic specific gravity sorting are integrated, the problems that clay is difficult to separate, tubers are seriously damaged, and stone impurities are not thoroughly removed in the paddy field rhizoma corydalis harvesting process are effectively solved, and efficient, low-loss and clean harvesting is achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of crop culture medium development, in particular to a special culture medium for strengthening the functional quality of Chinese yam and a preparation method and a use method thereof.The preparation method includes the steps that straw powder, cake meal, urea, monopotassium phosphate and a fermentation inoculant are evenly mixed according to the proportion, then water is added, the mixture is evenly mixed and stirred to form feed liquid, aerobic fermentation is conducted, and a fermented product is obtained; adding water to decoct the traditional Chinese medicinal materials, and uniformly mixing the whole decoction, including the liquid medicine and the medicine residue, into the fermented product to obtain a culture medium; a planting container tidily laid in a field is filled with the culture medium, seed potatoes are placed on the culture medium, and yam tubers grow in the culture medium for a long time and make close contact with the culture medium; the culture medium for strengthening the functional quality of the Chinese yam can achieve the effects of increasing the content of main functional substances of the Chinese yam and increasing functional components in traditional Chinese medicinal materials.

The invention discloses a wall breaking and separating device suitable for bletilla striata tuber processing, and belongs to the technical field of bletilla striata processing. Comprising a supporting unit and a wall breaking separation unit, pre-crushing, secondary collision fine crushing and online screening are integrated in the same cavity, intermediate conveying and an independent screening machine are omitted, the structure is compact, the occupied area is small, and energy consumption is low; the spiral blade firstly cuts off root hair and then flakes, so that fiber winding is avoided; crushing and axial propelling are completed synchronously, and continuous and stable feeding of a subsequent high-speed wall breaking section is guaranteed; the revolution blades are in contact with the annular wall of the transverse cutting board to generate passive spinning, revolution and rotation composite collision is formed, the shearing and impacting frequency is remarkably improved under the condition that extra power is not needed, and wall breaking is more sufficient; and the transverse cutting boards are circumferentially spaced for instant grading and fall down when the particle size reaches the standard, and particles which do not reach the standard are continuously thrown back to a crushing area, so that excessive crushing and screen blockage are avoided, and the particle size uniformity is high.

The application discloses a processing method of bletilla striata rhizomes and a slicing device thereof, and comprises the following steps: (S1) bletilla striata rhizome harvesting: harvesting mature bletilla striata rhizomes with bud heads planted for 2-3 years; (S2) bletilla striata rhizome grading: classifying the bletilla striata rhizomes harvested in step (S1) into four grades of large rhizomes, medium rhizomes, small rhizomes and other grades, and collecting the bletilla striata rhizomes of the three grades of large rhizomes, medium rhizomes and small rhizomes; (S3) processing the large rhizomes and the medium rhizomes under the condition that the temperature is not higher than 100 DEG C; and (S4) processing the small rhizomes under the condition that the temperature is higher than 100 DEG C. The bletilla striata is graded and harvested, and different processing methods are adopted for the bletilla striata rhizomes of different grades, so that the quality of the bletilla striata rhizomes is uneven and the comprehensive utilization rate of the plants is low due to the improper harvesting method in the prior art.

The utility model relates to a slicing structure for tuber traditional Chinese medicine. The slicing structure comprises a charging barrel and a stirring assembly, a plurality of long flat openings A are formed in the cylindrical wall of the charging barrel, a blade extending into the charging barrel is mounted at each long flat opening A, and a certain included angle is formed between each blade and the tangent line of the charging barrel at the position; the stirring assembly can rotatably extend into the charging barrel; when the stirring assembly rotates, acting force is generated on tuber traditional Chinese medicine contained in the material barrel through the stirring part, the tuber traditional Chinese medicine generates centrifugal action, tubers subjected to centrifugal action make contact with the blades and are sliced, and the sliced traditional Chinese medicine tablets fall off from the long flat opening A; a pressure applying mechanism is further arranged on the stirring assembly. The slicing device has the advantages that materials can be always subjected to the action of the blades and can be sliced all the time, the slicing effect is good, and efficiency is high.