The invention discloses a quick cold-patch repair material for an asphalt pavement, and application thereof. The material is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 20-80 parts of magnesium phosphate cement, 5-20 parts of fine sand, 0-20 parts of medium sand, 0-50 parts of rubble with the grain size of 5-20 mm, 0-10 parts of emulsified asphalt, 0-10 parts of water-soluble polyurethane, 0-10 parts of rubber powder and 0-1 part of air entraining agent. The materials in parts by weight are uniformly stirred (1.5-2 min) in a stirrer and then poured in a damaged part of the cleared asphalt pavement, thereafter the damaged part is plastered, shaped and repaired, and then the asphalt pavement can be opened for traffic after 2-3 hours of maintenance. The quick cold-patch repair material disclosed by the invention adopts blending and pouring for molding in practical application, no heating is needed, the construction is convenient, the maintenance time is short, small influence is caused to traffic, and the mechanical property and the durability both satisfy the application requirement, so the quick cold-patch repair material is especially suitable for quick repair of pothole and crack-type damages of the asphalt pavement. The quick cold-patch repair material disclosed by the invention not only has a remarkable effect on damage repair aspect of the asphalt pavement but also can expand the application thereof to the field of cement concrete engineering and fields of damage repair of house buildings and old buildings, and the like.