The invention provides a vertical support column bearing capacity test simulation device in reverse construction environment. The device comprises a box body, a steel tube test piece, bedrock, an actual pile, soil layers, a pressure applying assembly, a control unit, and a test unit, wherein the bedrock whose middle part is provided with a pile hole is placed into the box body, the steel tube testpiece filled with concrete is coaxially inserted into the actual pile arranged in the pile hole, a plurality of layers of soil layers are compacted in sequence above the bedrock in the height direction of the box body, a medium material can fill the space between the inner side wall of the soil layer and the surface of the steel tube test piece, the pressure applying assembly is used for applyingpressure to the upper end of the steel tube test piece, and the control unit is in signal connection with a plurality of strain gauges and a plurality of displacement meters D arranged on the steel tube test piece and connected with the controlled end of the pressure applying assembly. According to the device, a pile is the actual pile, and a steel tube filled with the concrete is used as a column. According to the device, the influence, generated when different gaps are adopted between the pile and the column for backfill materials, on the constraint effect of the support column is researched through the test, so as to verify the rationality of the vertical support column slenderness ratio calculation formula.