The invention discloses a graphene adhesion-enhanced composite conductive structure capable of realizing the enhanced adhesion of graphene to a target substrate, and a preparation method thereof. Thegraphene adhesion-enhanced composite conductive structure comprises a CVD graphene layer, a conductive polymer layer, and a target substrate arranged from top down. The preparation method comprises the steps of: S1, generating a graphene layer on the catalytic substrate; S2, coating a thermoplastic resin I on the surface of the grapheme to form a transition support layer I; S3, continuing to coata thermoplastic resin II on the surface to form a transition support layer II; S4, separating the catalytic substrate to obtain a structure IV; S5, coating the conducting polymer on the target substrate to obtain a structure V; S6, dragging a structure IV from the structure IV from water by the wet process; S7, removing the transition support layer II; and S8, removing the transition support layerI, thereby obtaining the composite structure VII. The graphene adhesion-enhanced composite conductive structure and the preparation method thereof are used to keep the graphene intact and not damaged, and the complete transfer preparation of the large-area graphene may be realized.