A multi-parameter rapid detection device and detection method for water bodies of the present invention, the device includes a microfluidic chip module, and the microfluidic chip module includes a dielectrophoretic bacteria sorting chip module, an impedance bacteria testing chip module, and an extraction fluorescence testing chip module , Electrophoresis ion chip module; four inlets are set on the microfluidic chip module, inlet one is used as sample inlet, inlet two, inlet three and inlet four are respectively used as buffer inlet one, buffer inlet two and buffer inlet three; the present invention The device adopts microfluidic technology, realizes precise flow control of liquid through microchannels and microvalves, and highly integrates multiple pretreatment and detection modules on a small plastic sheet, which has a high degree of integration and efficient mass transfer and detection speed. The whole device has strong portability, high detection speed and timeliness. Integrate multiple modules on the same chip to achieve joint detection of multiple parameters, and only need to input one sample, making the detection accuracy higher.