The invention discloses a device for measuring the temperature of a firn layer of an unattended polar region while drilling, and belongs to the field of drilling machines. The device comprises a derrick pulley, an encoder, a pulley bracket, a derrick pressure sensor, a drilling tower, a power supply temperature measurement cable, a hot-melt drilling tool, a control box, a winch, a winch motor anda drilling tower base, wherein the top of the drilling tower is provided with the derrick pulley, the derrick pressure sensor is fixed between the pulley bracket and the drilling tower and used for monitoring the drilling pressure in time, and a shaft end of the derrick pulley is connected with the encoder to achieve the detection of the drilling speed. The winch completes lowering and lifting ofthe hot-melt drilling tool by lifting and lowering the power supply temperature measurement cable. The power supply temperature measurement cable is formed by connecting two cables in parallel, one cable is used for supplying power to the hot-melt drilling tool, the other cable is used for completing the measurement of the drill hole temperature. The automatic control of the control box achieves unattended drilling, thereby greatly reducing the labor intensity of field staff. The device can achieve the wide-range multi-point rapid measurement of the temperature distribution of polar ice sheets, and has a wide application prospect.