The embodiment of the invention discloses a seismic-data-based thin layer automatic interpretation and thickness prediction method and a seismic-data-based thin layer automatic interpretation and thickness prediction device. The method comprises the following steps of: acquiring seismic data, processing the seismic data to acquire superposed seismic data, determining a target layer which corresponds to the thin layer, and extracting seismic wavelets; preliminarily interpreting the top or the bottom of the thin layer, and determining an automatic tracking time window [t-T1, t+T2] of the thin layer; for each channel of the seismic data of the superposed seismic data, intercepting the current seismic channel data according to the automatic tracking time window of the thin layer in the current seismic channel, and recording the intercepted seismic channel data to be f; setting N reflection coefficient position modes, and uniquely determining each reflection coefficient position mode according to a matrix Hi=[hi1, hi2, ..., and hiMi], wherein i is equal to 1,2, ..., and N; acquiring the optimized reflection coefficient amplitude combination ai and the optimized synthesized seismic record fi which correspond to each reflection coefficient position mode; acquiring the optimized reflection coefficient position mode Hi; acquiring the automatic interpretation time tup and tdown on the top or at the bottom of the thin layer; and acquiring the time thickness delta t of the thin layer according to the tup and tdown. By the method, the top and bottom of the thin layer can be interpreted, and the interpretation precision is high.