95results about How to "Raise the condensation temperature" patented technology

The present invention to an energy-storing phase change material and energy-stored air source heat pump defrosting system, belonging to the field of refrigeration equipment technology. The chemical component of said energy-storing phase change material is formed from CaCl2.6H2O and nucleating agent. Said invention also provides the concrete structure of said system. Said system can implement the function conversion from system heat production, waste heat energy storage, energy-releasing defrosting and heat production.

The heat-flash air conditioning and its method of defrosting and it is in characterized in that: in the indoor machine sets up a big power secondary electric hot device and the big power secondary electric hot device's electric heat power is 0.9 to 1.4 times to the system's standard cooling quantity. When it is defrosting keep the indoor cross flow flan running in low speed and at the same time open the big power secondary electric hot device with the circulate system in the work condition of cooling. The invention can make the heating quantity of system reached two times or more to the cooling quantity so it is satisfied the small cooling quantity and big heating quantity of the setting requirement of system especially it is suited to the southwest area with the lower temperature and the bigger moisture. During the process of defrosting the fluctuation of environment's temperature is small and the time of defrosting is shorter and the defrosting is more clearly and thoroughly.

The invention discloses a system for producing liquefied natural gas by utilizing liquid nitrogen cold energy, which comprises purification equipment, a pre-cooling heat exchanger, a gas-liquid separator, a cryogenic tank, a main heat exchanger, a throttle valve, a cryogenic tank, a liquid nitrogen storage tank and a natural gas pipeline, wherein the purification equipment is sequentially connected with a hot fluid channel of the pre-cooling heat exchanger, the gas-liquid separator, a hot fluid channel of the heat exchanger, the throttle valve and the cryogenic tank, and the gas-liquid separator is connected with the cryogenic tank; the liquid nitrogen storage tank is connected with a cold fluid channel of the pre-cooling heat exchanger through a cold fluid channel of the main heat exchanger, and the purification equipment is connected with the natural gas channel. The invention has simple equipment, and can not only obtain LNG products but also obtain liquid light hydrocarbon and other high-added-value side products; and simultaneously, the process is easy to realize skid mounting, and the system is suitable for liquefying and transportation of more dispersedly distributed natural gas resources on land or sea and biogas resources on land.

The invention discloses an air conditioner capable of improving low-temperature heating capacity, comprising a compressor and an air-supplying enthalpy-increasing device connected between an exhaust pipe and a return pipe of the compressor. The exhaust pressure is improved through an air-supplying enthalpy-increasing circuit under low outdoor ambient temperature so as to improve low-temperature heating capacity and obtain better low-temperature heating effect. The invention also discloses a control method of the air conditioner capable of improving the low-temperature heating capacity. When the outdoor ambient temperature is lower than a certain temperature t1, the air-supplying enthalpy-increasing device is turned on, the high-pressure high-temperature gas in the exhaust pipe of the compressor is changed into the low-pressure high-temperature gas after pressure reduction through the air-supplying enthalpy-increasing circuit; the low-pressure high-temperature gas returns to a return air inlet of the compressor through the air-supplying enthalpy-increasing circuit; because relative high-temperature gaseous refrigerant at the return air inlet of the compressor is increased, the return pressure of the compressor rises, and the exhaust pressure further rises. In the invention, the exhaust pressure rises, the condensing pressure is improved, the condensing temperature is improved, and the heating capacity is increased.

The invention discloses a wearable air conditioning suit based on a bionic honeycomb structure. A throttling device of the wearable air conditioning suit is respectively connected with a condenser and an evaporator; a miniature compressor is respectively connected with the condenser and the evaporator; the evaporator is also connected with a miniature water pump and a honeycomb structural pipeline, and the miniature water pump is connected with the honeycomb structural pipeline through a small water storage tank; a lithium ion battery pack is connected with a controller; the throttling device adopts a capillary pipe with the diameter of 0.5-0.8mm; a wearing assembly is divided into a plurality of layers; a comfortable layer, a breathable layer, a heat insulation layer and a surface layer are sequentially arranged from inside to outside; the evaporator adopts a plate heat exchanger; a pipe network of a water cooling system is distributed in a net shape by using a honeycomb structure; the condenser adopts a parallel flow heat exchanger; and a small fan is parallel to the parallel flow heat exchanger. By using the wearable air conditioning suit, the temperature of a microenvironment in the suit is maintained within the range of + / -1.5 DEG C based on the temperature set by a user, and therefore, a comfortable microenvironment inside the suit is provided for a human body.

A dish washer includes: a washing tank including a sump at a bottom surface thereof; a water storage unit disposed inside or outside the washing tank to store washing water to be supplied to the washing tank; a heat pump system including a compressor that compresses and circulates refrigerant, a first heat exchanger disposed in the sump, an expansion apparatus, and a second heat exchanger disposed in the water storage unit to heat washing water for washing the dishes; and a reverse valve that changes a flow of refrigerant flowing through each of the first heat exchanger and the second heat exchanger to allow each of the first heat exchanger and the second heat exchanger to be switched from each other between a heating mode for heating the washing water and a heat recovery mode for recovering heat from washing water discharged to the outside from the washing tank.

The invention relates to an electric car heat pump air-conditioning system with an adjustable refrigerant charging amount, and belongs to the technical field of air-conditioning and cars. According to the electric car heat pump air-conditioning system, the rotary speeds of a compressor, an external heat exchanger fan and an internal heat exchanger fan can be adjusted at any time according to temperature signals of an external temperature sensor and an internal temperature sensor, therefore the system is enabled to be in an optimal working condition; a two-position three-way solenoid valve can be switched according to a pressure signal of an exhaust pressure sensor of the compressor to achieve storage and release of a refrigerant so as to achieve matching of refrigerant charging amounts in refrigerating and heating modes; a system condensing pressure is reduced in the refrigerating mode to achieve a pressure protection effect; and the system condensing pressure is increased in the heating mode to increase the system heating capacity and improve the heating efficiency of a heat pump air conditioner. Therefore, the energy consumption is reduced, the travel distance of an electric car is prolonged, and an application of the electric car is promoted.

The process of recovering organic matter component from exhaust organic gas is suitable for the conditions of relatively small exhaust amount to be recovered and treated, relatively high flow and concentration fluctuation, and dispersed exhaust source. The recovering and treating system includes site parts and movable part. The site parts are set in the gas exhaust sites to accept exhausted gas and adsorb the organic component onto the adsorbent. The movable part may be used to desorb and regenerate saturated absorbent and collect desorbed organic component for several site parts.

The invention discloses a two-stage flash evaporation and two-stage compression heat pump device with double heat sources and an operating method. The device comprises a heat collection system, a primary flash evaporation system, a secondary flash evaporation system and a steam compression system. The method comprises the following steps: producing hot water introduced into a hot water tank according to different low-grade heat sources through three operation methods of a single heat source including solar heat, double heat sources including solar heat and waste heat and a single heat source including waste heat, and recycling low-grade heat such as solar heat and waste heat through manners of two-stage flash evaporation and two-stage compression. Compared with the organic heat pump working medium, the evaporation latent heat value of the water is high; a large amount of low-grade heat is recycled; the coefficient of performance of the heat pump device is greater than 10; the low-pressure steam is compressed for two times through a low-pressure steam compressor and a high-pressure steam compressor; the quality of the steam can be effectively improved; the temperature of the steam reaches 120 DEG C or higher; the high-temperature heating requirement can be met; the problem of haze pollution caused when the fire coal is used for heating in the northern regions of China in winter is fundamentally solved.

The invention relates to the technical field of air conditioners, in particular to a return oil control method for an air conditioner, and is intended to solve the problem that an existing technical scheme to improve the return oil effect of a fixed frequency compressor is unable to basically solve the poor return oil issue. To this end, the return oil control method for the air conditioner comprises: calculating compression ratio E and / or suction vapor overheat delta T of a fixed frequency compressor; if the compression ratio E is less than minimum allowable compression ratio Emin and / or thesuction vapor overheat delta T is less than zero, controlling the air conditioner to enter a return oil mode. During operation of the fixed frequency compressor, when the compression ratio E is less than the minium allowable compression ratio Emin and / or the suction vapor overheat delta T is less zero, the air conditioner is controlled to enter the return oil mode; through the above control manner, the return oil control method for the air conditioner can provide improved return oil effect for the compressor, reduced failure rate for the compressor and extended life for the compressor.

Belonging to the field of seawater and brackish water desalination, the invention relates to an adsorption compression-multiple-effect distillation system comprising an adsorption module, a multiple-effect distillation module and a steam generating module. Furthermore, the left opening of a heater valve is connected to the inlet of a condenser, the outlet of the condenser is in connection with the lower opening of a heat supply valve, the upper opening of an adsorbent bed is connected to the right opening of the heat supply valve, the upper opening of which is in connection with the inlet of a spraying falling-film evaporator inside a first stage distillation device of the multiple-effect distillation module, the water vapor outlet of a last stage distillation device in the multiple-effect distillation module is connected to the right opening of a compensating valve, the left opening of which is connected to the lower opening of the adsorbent bed, and the fresh water outlet of the multiple-effect distillation module is connected to the right opening of the steam generating module, the upper opening of the right opening of the heater valve. The system of the invention expands the available heat source scope, and by using a separating quasi-loop heat pipe technology, strengthens the interior heat exchanging efficiency of the adsorbent bed. And by utilizing an adsorption technology, the system provided in the invention realizes the high efficiency recovery of the latent heat of steam at a low temperature and a low pressure.

The invention provides an exhaust device, a refrigerating air-conditioning unit and a non-condensable gas exhaust method. The exhaust device comprises an exhaust compressor and a heat exchanger, wherein a gas suction opening of the exhaust compressor is connected with a condenser of the refrigerating air-conditioning unit, so that a mixed gas consisting of a gaseous refrigerant and a non-condensable gas is introduced into the exhaust compressor by the condenser to be compressed; a gas inlet of the heat exchanger is connected with an exhaust opening of the exhaust compressor; a liquid outlet ofthe heat exchanger is connected with an evaporator or the condenser of the refrigerating air-conditioning unit; the heat exchanger is provided with a cold source inlet and a cold source outlet whichallow a cold source to flow; the compressed mixed gas enters the heat exchanger to exchange heat with the cold source, a gaseous refrigerant is condensed into a liquid refrigerant which is then discharged into the evaporator or the condenser, and a gas outlet allows the separated non-condensable gas to be discharged out of the heat exchanger. According to the exhaust device, the non-condensable gas in the refrigerating air-conditioning unit can be effectively separated and discharged, so that safe and efficient running of the exhaust device is guaranteed.

The invention belongs to the field of chemical engineering, and particularly discloses a method and a device for separating ethylene from refinery plant dry gas. The method comprises the steps of compression, purification, cooling, absorption, propane removal, methane removal, and ethylene refining. The method is based on a shallow cold oil absorption technology, directly produces a polymer-gradeethylene product from refinery plant dry gas on the premise that the refrigeration process is simplified, the cold consumption is reduced and the investment is saved, and has great industrial application prospects.

The invention discloses a marine VOC and BOG comprehensive liquefaction system. The marine VOC and BOG comprehensive liquefaction system comprises a VOC reliquefaction circulation system, a single-working-medium double-stage double-refrigeration-temperature refrigeration circulation system, a Stirling refrigeration circulation system and a BOG reliquefaction circulation system, and the VOC reliquefaction circulation system is connected with a compression refrigeration circulation system through a first heat exchanger and a second heat exchanger, and is connected with the Stirling refrigerationcirculation system through a fourth heat exchanger; and the BOG reliquefaction circulating system is connected with the Stirling refrigeration circulation system through a fifth heat exchanger, and is connected with a seawater cooling circulation system in the Stirling refrigeration circulation system. According to the marine VOC and BOG comprehensive liquefaction system, VOC reliquefaction and BOG reliquefaction are combined, comprehensive reliquefaction of VOC and BOG is achieved by means of a single-working-medium double-stage double-refrigeration-temperature compression type refrigerationsystem and a Stirling refrigeration marine VOC and BOG comprehensive liquefaction method, the problem of high energy consumption of a Stirling refrigerator is solved, the two-stage double-refrigeration-temperature grading liquefaction of the VOC is realized, and the good refrigerating capacity adjusting capability is realized.

A control method for discharging condensed water from a movable air conditioner is provided. No manual operation is necessary to empty the condensed water container. When the condensed water level is higher than a predetermined water level, the conditioner enters into a strong drainage mode operation. Condensing temperature increases and a pump for spraying is activated. The evaporating and draining speed increase as well. Evaporated condensed water will be discharged outdoor as air discharged from the condenser by the exhaust pipe; the rest of the condensed water will flow downward from the condenser to a water tank. When condensed water level bellows the predetermined water level, the conditioner exits the strong drainage mode and enters into a normal operation mode. The heat exchange efficiency of the condenser is also improved by utilizing the condensed water spray circulation system.

The invention discloses a thermal management system for a jet-absorption thermodynamic cycle battery and a working method of the thermal management system. The system comprises a heat exchanger, a battery packaging box, a first reversing valve, a second reversing valve, a third reversing valve, a fourth reversing valve, a fifth reversing valve, a sixth reversing valve, an ejector, a first circulating pump, a second circulating pump, a first throttling valve and a second throttling valve. The system and the working method can enable the temperature of the battery to be stably and evenly kept near the boiling point of a working medium.

The invention discloses a spray cooling system for condensers of air conditioners of machine rooms. The system comprises a water storage tank, a water pump, a water atomization device, a soft water filter, a solenoid valve and nozzles, wherein water in the water storage tank enters the soft water filter through the water pump and is softened and filtered in the soft water filter, and the softened and filtered water is sprayed on air suction sides of the condensers from the nozzles through the solenoid valve after atomized by the water atomization device to cool the condensers of the air conditioners of the machine rooms. The system is simple in design and practical, realizes high-temperature cooling of the condensers of outdoor air cooling machines of data centers and improves the energy efficiency of refrigerating systems. Water mist is used for cooling the condensers of air-conditioning systems, the power loads of the air conditioners can be lowered, the refrigerating capacity can be improved, the electricity can be saved on the premise of guaranteeing the refrigerating capacity of the air conditioners, the temperature of air outlets of the air conditioners can be lowered, and therefore the energy can be saved.

The invention relates to an air conditioner, in particular to the improvement on a defrosting function of the air conditioner. The air conditioner comprises an outdoor unit heat exchanger, a throttling device and an indoor unit heat exchanger which are orderly connected through connecting pipes, a compressor, a compressor liquid storage tank connected with the compressor, and a four-way valve, wherein an inlet pipe of the outdoor unit heat exchanger, an output end of the indoor unit heat exchanger, an inlet of the compressor liquid storage tank and an exhaust pipe of the compressor are connected to four valve ports of the four-way valve respectively. In addition, the connecting pipe between the outdoor unit heat exchanger and the throttling device is also connected with the compressor liquid storage tank through an electromagnetic valve, and the electromagnetic valve is only connected during the defrosting of the air conditioner. A refrigerant with relatively higher general temperature does not enter the indoor unit heat exchanger, but directly returns to the compressor for air return through the electromagnetic valve, which makes the exhaust temperature of the compressor remarkably improved further to ensure that the condensing temperature is remarkably improved, the defrosting speed is remarkably improved and the defrosting time is greatly shortened.

The disclosed rectification method in low-pressure oxo synthesis for acetic acid with methanol comprises: feeding the material produced by flash evaporation or evaporation into the dehydrogenation tower, dehydration column and product tower with condensing temperature higher than the boiling temperature of kettle liquor in dehydrogenation tower by turns; using the heat from steam condensation in heat exchange device as the heat resource for dehydrogenation tower. This invention can save almost 50% heating steam and the energy consumed by water circulation in product tower.

The invention belongs to the technical field of air conditioners and particularly relates to an air-conditioning refrigeration circulating system and an air conditioner. In order to improve the air-conditioning refrigeration circulating effect and reduce the energy consumption, the system comprises a compressor in series connection with a main loop, an outdoor heat exchanger, a first throttling device and indoor heat exchanger; a first gas-liquid separator is further in series connection with the main loop; a bypass loop is arranged between the first gas-liquid separator and the compressor; after a cold medium flowing out of the outdoor heat exchanger flows into the first gas-liquid separator through the first throttling device, a gaseous cold medium flows to the compressor along the bypass loop, and a liquid cold medium flows to the indoor heat exchanger along the main loop. By the aid of the system and the air conditioner, the pressure drop loss of the gaseous cold medium in the system is low, the energy consumption of the system is reduced, meanwhile, the return gas pressure of the system can be increased, and the exhaust pressure and the condensing temperature of the system areincreased, so that the heat convection temperature difference of the cold medium in the outdoor heat exchanger is increased, and the purpose of increasing the refrigerating capacity of the system isachieved.

The invention discloses an independent temperature and humidity control air conditioner system. The independent temperature and humidity control air conditioner system comprises an absorption-compression composite refrigerating system, a solution dehumidification circulatory system and a chilled water system. Sensible heat loads and latent heat loads of air can be borne by the absorption-compression composite refrigerating system and the solution dehumidification circulatory system respectively to achieve independent temperature and humidity control over the indoor air. By increasing the evaporation temperature of absorption type refrigeration and enlarging the deflation range of absorption type refrigeration, the absorption type refrigeration cycle energy efficiency ratio is increased. In addition, the absorption-compression composite refrigerating system can reasonably adjust the generation temperature and condensation temperature, reduce the generation pressure and temperature by consuming a small amount of electric energy, decrease the generation temperature on the basis of ensuring the refrigeration effect and enlarges the utilization range of a low-temperature heat source; and meanwhile, a compressor is used for increasing the condensation pressure of the composite refrigerating system to increase the condensation temperature, and all condensation heat is recycled to be used for regenerating a dilute solution of the solution dehumidification circulatory system. The method can decrease the generation temperature of the absorption type refrigerating system, increase the evaporation temperature and greatly improve the system energy efficiency on the basis of ensuring the air conditioning effect.

The invention belongs to the field of chemical engineering, and particularly discloses a method and a device for separating ethylene and propylene from pyrolysis gas and / or dry gas. The separation method comprises the steps of compression, purification, cooling, absorption, light hydrocarbon separation, ethylene rectification, and propylene rectification. The method is based on a shallow cold oilabsorption technology, directly produces a polymer-grade ethylene product and a polymer-grade propylene product from pyrolysis gas and / or dry gas on the premise that the refrigeration and heat exchange processes are simplified, the refrigeration load is reduced and the investment is saved, and has great industrial application prospects.

The invention relates to the technical field of air-conditioner devices, and discloses an air-conditioner device which comprises a shell, an outdoor heat exchanger, an outdoor volute, an indoor heat exchanger, an indoor volute and a compressor, wherein the outdoor heat exchanger, the outdoor volute, the indoor heat exchanger, the indoor volute and the compressor are arranged in the shell. Outdoor fan blades are arranged in the outdoor volute and correspond to the outdoor heat exchanger, an indoor wind wheel is arranged in the indoor volute and corresponds to the indoor heat exchanger, and a wind deflector is arranged between the outdoor volute and the outdoor heat exchanger. Outdoor condensation temperature and condensation pressure are increased in a low-temperature environment, so that the temperature of the outdoor heat exchanger is increased, and an air-conditioner system normally and continuously runs. The air-conditioner device has the advantages of simple structure, convenience in use and the like.

Provided is a refrigeration cycle device that increases refrigeration capacity in a supercooling device, and is able to prevent condensation on pipes without performing an insulating process on the pipes. This refrigeration cycle device is equipped with: a condenser fan 7 that sends air to a condenser 2; a supercooling device 4 that is connected downstream from the condenser 2 and upstream from a first expansion device 5, and that supercools a refrigerant flowing from the condenser 2; a pipe temperature detection means 9 that detects the temperature of a refrigerant pipe 300 connecting a load device 200 and a heat source device 100 in which the refrigerant flowing from the supercooling device 4 flows; an outside temperature detection means 8 that detects the temperature of air drawn into the condenser 2; and a control device 10 that controls the rotational speed of the condenser fan 7 such that the difference when the temperature of the refrigerant pipe connecting the heat source device 100 and the load device 200 is subtracted from the temperature of the air drawn into the condenser 2 does not exceed a set value.

The invention belongs to the field of chemical engineering, and particularly discloses a method and a device for separating ethylene from refinery plant dry gas. The method comprises the steps of compression, purification, cooling, absorption, methane removal, propane removal, and ethylene refining. The method is based on a shallow cold oil absorption technology, directly produces a polymer-gradeethylene product from refinery plant dry gas on the premise that the refrigeration process is simplified, the cold consumption is reduced and the investment is saved, and has great industrial application prospects.

The invention provides a high-temperature heat pump drying machine started with heating and operating in a high heating load state. The machine comprises a heat pump drying system, a wind inlet passage, a wind outlet passage, and a drying chamber for connecting the wind inlet passage with the wind outlet passage; the heat pump drying system comprises a condenser arranged in the wind inlet passage, and an evaporator arranged in the wind outlet passage; a heater is arranged between the condenser and the drying chamber; air enters from a wind inlet of the wind inlet passage, and becomes high-temperature dried air after passing through the condenser and the heater in sequence, and then the high-temperature dried air is conveyed into the drying chamber and is used for drying operation and turned into humid air; the humid air is discharged and is guided onto the evaporator, and after moisture in the humid air is condensed, the air is discharged through the wind outlet passage. The heater is additionally arranged for increasing the drying operation starting speed of the drying system and the temperature of the dried air and improving the heat and mass transfer intensity of the drying operation, so that the heat absorption intensity of the evaporator is improved; moreover, the heat absorption intensity of the evaporator is improved, so that the heat release intensity of the condenser is improved, and the heat pump drying system can enter a high heating load operation state.

The invention relates to a cool double-effect lithium bromide spray absorption type refrigeration cycle system. A refrigerant water passage of a condenser is divided into three paths; in the first path, the condenser is communicated with an evaporator; in the second path, one end of the second refrigerant water passage is communicated with the condenser, and the other end of the second refrigerant water passage passes through a first absorber to be communicated with a second absorber; in the third path, a liquid storage device is communicated with the condenser, one end of a second connecting pipe is communicated with the liquid storage device, the other end of the second connecting pipe is communicated with a boiler, one end of a first connecting pipe is communicated with a boiler, the other end of the first connecting pipe is communicated with the condenser, the other end of the connecting pipe is communicated with an ejector, one end of a first refrigerant water vapor pipeline is communicated with the ejector, the other end of the first refrigerant water vapor pipeline is communicated with a generator, the first absorber is communicated with an evaporator, one end of a medium concentration solution pipeline is communicated with the first absorber, the other end of the medium concentration solution pipeline is communicated with the second absorber, one end of a first dilute solution pipeline and one end of a first concentrated solution pipeline are both communicated with the second absorber, and the other ends of the first dilute solution pipeline and the first concentrated solution pipeline are both communicated with the generator. The system is used in an absorption type water source heat pump system.

The invention discloses a refrigeration cycle system of a lithium bromide jetting and absorbing type for condensation boosting, and relates to an absorption refrigeration cycle system. A condenser is communicated with an evaporator through a first refrigerant passage, the evaporator is communicated with an absorber through a second refrigerant steam pipeline, one ends of a first dilute solution pipeline and a first concentrated solution pipeline are both communicated with the absorber, and the other ends of the first dilute solution pipeline and the first concentrated solution pipeline are both communicated with a generator; a solution heat exchanger is arranged on the first dilute solution pipeline and the first concentrated solution pipeline; one end of a first connecting pipe is communicated with an ebullator, and the other end of the first connecting pipe is communicated with an ejector; one end of the first refrigerant steam pipeline is communicated with the generator, and the other end of the first refrigerant steam pipeline is communicated with the ejector; one end of a third connecting pipe is communicated with the condenser, and the other end of the third connecting pipe is communicated with the ejector; one end of a second connecting pipe is communicated with the ebullator, and the other end of the second connecting pipe is communicated with a solution storing device which is arranged below the condenser; a refrigerant pump is arranged on the second connecting pipe. The cycle system disclosed by the invention is used for an absorption type water source heat pump system.

The invention relates to a thermodynamic cycle apparatus, comprising: a working medium; an evaporator for evaporating the working medium; an expansion machine for generating mechanical energy while expanding the evaporated working medium; a condenser for condensing the working medium, and a pump for pumping the condensed working medium to the condenser, wherein the geometrical arrangement of the evaporator is selected such that, prior to starting the pump, the condensed working medium can flow from the condenser to the evaporator by force of gravity and the working medium can circulate in a closed circuit via the evaporator and the condenser, whereby in particular a predetermined head height of the liquid working medium can be provided at the pump. The invention additionally relates to a method of starting the thermodynamic cycle apparatus according to the present invention, the method comprising the following steps: applying heat to the evaporator and evaporating the working medium in the evaporator, whereby working medium is caused to flow to the condenser; condensing the working medium in the condenser; starting the pump when a predetermined head height of the working medium at the pump is reached or exceeded.