The invention discloses a heavy metal-containing multi-source waste disposal system and method based on a pulverized coal boiler. The system involves a material storage system, a hot air system, an alkaline removal agent system, an integrated disposal system, a gas-solid separation system, a burner, the pulverized coal boiler, a melting system and a waste gas burner; an outlet of the material storage system is connected with a material inlet of the integrated disposal system, a high-temperature flue gas connector is arranged at the position, between a hearth outlet of the pulverized coal boiler and a coal economizer, of a flue, a medium-temperature flue gas connector is arranged at the position, at an outlet of the coal economizer of the pulverized coal boiler, of the flue, and the high-temperature flue gas connector and the medium-temperature flue gas connector are connected with a flue gas inlet of the integrated disposal system; and an outlet of the hot air system is connected with an air inlet of the integrated disposal system, and an outlet of the alkaline removal agent system is connected with a solution inlet of the integrated disposal system. The system and method can achieve treatment of multi-source waste and have the characteristics of being low in cost and high in utilization rate.