54 results about "Immunohis tochemistry" patented technology

In alternative embodiments, provided are chimeric, synthetic or recombinant antibodies (Ab) against the human homologous box NKX-2. 1 (also known as NK2 homologous box 1, or thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1)) protein, including articles of manufacture and kits comprising them, and methods of making and using them, including, for example, their use in the detection or diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In alternative embodiments, an anti-NKX-2. 1 (TTF-1) antibody provided herein is used with an agent for determining whether NKX-2. 1 (TTF-1) expression or activity is present, reduced or deleted; or the sensitivity of the specific binding of the Ab or the antigen (Ag) binding fragment or protein (ABP) or the monomer or dimer ABP provided by the invention with the squamous cell carcinoma cells is lower than the sensitivity of the specific binding with the adenocarcinoma cells (or binding with lower affinity), so that false positives of the squamous cell carcinoma are less, and the positive recognition of the lung adenocarcinoma is better.

The invention discloses an anti-soluble transferrin receptor monoclonal antibody as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of antibody detection. According to the antibody, an L101-F760 amino acid sequence of human TfR protein is used as an immunogen, specific screening of B cells, reverse RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) into cDNA (Complementary Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) through RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction), then homologous recombination is performed to construct heavy and light chain vectors, and finally multiple rounds of screening are performed to obtain the purified sTfR monoclonal antibody, so that the sTfR protein can be specifically recognized, and the antibody has the advantages of high specificity and high sensitivity and can be widely applied to the field of immunotherapy. The natural sTfR protein in human serum can be recognized. The kit is applied to the detection and screening fields of immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence chemistry, western blot, co-immunoprecipitation, indirect ELISA, flow cytometry and the like, especially has low background and no interference of non-specific binding impure protein during immunohistochemistry detection, can obtain more accurate detection and evaluation results, avoids interference of false positive and false negative, and has high detection accuracy. The method has great application value in the aspects of basic scientific research and clinical pathology detection.

The invention discloses a fluorescence coding probe and a single cell immunoblotting method. The nucleic acid tag comprises oligonucleotide chains f1, f2... fn, n is greater than 2, each oligonucleotide chain contains a fluorophore and a quenching group, partial sequences of the next oligonucleotide chain and the previous oligonucleotide chain are complementarily paired, and the quenching group of the next oligonucleotide chain quenches the fluorophore of the previous oligonucleotide chain. Also disclosed is a quenching tag comprising a complementary strand capable of complementary pairing with an oligonucleotide strand in a nucleic acid tag. The invention discloses a fluorescent coding probe comprising a nucleic acid label, a preparation method of the fluorescent coding probe and application of the fluorescent coding probe in a multi-target single-cell immunoblotting technology, an immunofluorescence technology and an immunohistochemical staining technology. According to the fluorescence-coded multi-target single-cell immunoblotting method disclosed by the invention, multi-target protein detection can be carried out by utilizing limited fluorescence channels, the signal loss is small, and the expansibility is high.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical imaging, in particular to a breast cancer tissue HER2 automatic scoring method and device based on a characteristic curve, and the method comprises the steps: carrying out the reading operation of a full-slice image of immunohistochemical staining; extracting a target region of interest of the full slice image; slicing and screening the target region of interest to obtain a plurality of image slices; calculating a percentage-saturation characteristic curve of each image slice, and extracting characteristic information of the percentage-saturation characteristic curve; based on the feature information of the percentage-saturation feature curve, performing preliminary HER2 scoring on each image slice in combination with a rule base and a logistic regression classification algorithm; and integrating the scoring results of the image slices, and outputting a final HER2 score and a characteristic curve visualization graph. According to the method, the feature curve is combined with the rule base and the logistic regression classification algorithm, so that the objectivity of HER2 scoring is improved, and the problems of subjectivity and low efficiency of manual evaluation are reduced.

The invention discloses application of a reagent for detecting REEP protein in preparation of a product for diagnosing prostatic cancer, and relates to the technical field of biological medicine. Proteome analysis on urine proteins of a prostate cancer patient and a normal male and immunohistochemical analysis on archive wax blocks and surrounding normal prostate tissues of the prostate cancer patient find that REEP5 and REEP6 proteins are highly expressed in the prostate cancer tissues, and the content of REEP5 and REEP6 proteins in urine is higher than that of the normal group; the REEP5 protein and the REEP6 protein have a certain relationship with occurrence and development of the prostate cancer, are helpful for diagnosis of the prostate cancer and are also helpful for detection and diagnosis of noninvasive urine prostate cancer, and through research on the relationship between the REEP5 protein and the REEP6 protein and the prostate cancer, the diagnosis rate of a patient is increased, early discovery and early treatment are realized, postoperative noninvasive review, medication guidance and self-test are also facilitated, and the prostate cancer diagnosis method is suitable for clinical application. The survival rate and the cure rate are improved.

The present disclosure provides antibodies, including but not limited to monoclonal antibodies, capable of specifically binding the human PAX8 protein. Also provided are nucleic acids encoding the anti-PAX8 antibodies described herein, as well as expression vectors comprising these nucleic acids, host cells transformed with the expression vectors comprising the nucleic acids encoding the anti-PAX8 antibodies, and methods of making the antibodies. The anti-PAX8 antibodies described herein are useful for immunohistochemical detection of human PAX8 protein in tissue samples.

The invention discloses application of HBG protein in preparation of a product for auxiliary diagnosis of prostate cancer, and relates to the technical field of biological medicine. The application way is as follows: the reagent for specifically detecting HBG protein expression in a biological sample is used for preparing a product for auxiliary diagnosis of prostate cancer. Proteome analysis on urine proteins of a prostate cancer patient and a normal male shows that the concentration of the HBG1 protein in the urine of the prostate cancer patient is obviously higher than that of the normal male group, and immunohistochemical analysis on archive wax blocks and paracancerous normal prostate tissues of the prostate cancer patient shows that the HBG1 protein can be applied to the prostate cancer patient. The HBG1 and HBG2 proteins are strongly positive in prostate cancer tissues and are low-expressed or non-expressed in normal prostate tissues, which indicates that the HBG1 and HBG2 proteins have a certain relationship with the occurrence and development of the prostate cancer, can be used for assisting the diagnosis of the prostate cancer and the diagnosis of difficult cases, and can also be used for the review after the treatment of the prostate cancer, so as to improve the diagnosis rate and the survival rate of patients.

The application discloses application of a reagent for detecting AHSP protein in preparation of a product for diagnosing prostate cancer, and relates to the technical field of biological medicine; through proteomic analysis, ELISA test on urine protein of prostate cancer patients, clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients and normal healthy men, and immunohistochemical analysis on file wax blocks of the prostate cancer patients, normal prostate tissues around the cancer, prostate tissues of prostatic hyperplasia and clear cell renal cell carcinoma tissues, it is found that the AHSP protein has a certain relationship with the occurrence and development of prostate cancer, and can be used for assisting diagnosis of the prostate cancer; and in urine detection, AHSP has higher sensitivity than PSA, and when PSA is negative or serum PSA is low, AHSP can form complementation with ASHP, thereby helping to improve the diagnosis rate and non-invasive screening ability; through research on the relationship between the AHSP protein and the prostate cancer, the diagnosis rate of patients can be improved, non-invasive reexamination after treatment is facilitated, drug use is guided, and the survival rate is improved.

The present invention provides an anti-VEGFR2 nanobody and its application. The amino acid sequence and nucleotide sequence of the anti-VEGFR2 nanobody of the present invention are shown in SEQ ID No.1 and SEQ ID No.2 respectively. The anti-VEGFR2 nanobody provided by the present invention can specifically bind to the VEGFR2 protein, and the sensitivity to the VEGFR2 protein is 0.625 μg / mL. The application of the anti-VEGFR2 nanobody can be used for immunohistochemistry and Western Blotting to detect the expression of VEGFR2 in tissues or cells, providing a method for the study of the function of the VEGFR2 gene.

This invention discloses the application of SNCG protein in the auxiliary diagnosis of prostate cancer, belonging to the field of biomedical technology. The application involves using reagents specifically designed to detect SNCG protein expression in biological samples to prepare products for the auxiliary diagnosis of prostate cancer. Through proteomic analysis of urinary proteins from prostate cancer patients and normal men, this invention revealed that the concentration of SNCG protein in the urine of prostate cancer patients was significantly higher than that in the normal male group. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded tissue samples from prostate cancer patients and surrounding normal prostate tissue showed that SNCG protein has a certain expression rate in prostate cancer, and that SNCG protein is also expressed in the basal cells of normal prostate glands, indicating a certain relationship between SNCG protein and the occurrence and development of prostate cancer. This invention can be used to assist in the diagnosis of prostate cancer and difficult cases, thereby improving the diagnosis rate and survival rate of patients.

The application discloses application of YW2301 in preparation of a medicine for resisting Burkitt lymphoma, utilizes CCK8 cell activity experiment to detect the inhibition ability of YW2301 on Raji and CA46 cell proliferation, constructs a NON / SCID subcutaneous transplantation tumor model by using a Raji cell line, evaluates the therapeutic significance of YW2301 on Burkitt lymphoma, YW2301 can effectively inhibit the tumorigenicity of Burkitt lymphoma cells and the growth speed of the transplantation tumor, and adopts immunohistochemical staining to detect the ALDH18A1 and c-Myc protein expression in a Burkitt lymphoma transplantation tumor tissue section, YW2301 can effectively down-regulate the ALDH18A1 and c-Myc protein expression in a Burkitt lymphoma tissue, and further proves that YW2301 can be used as a candidate small molecule for targeted treatment of Burkitt lymphoma.

This provides a system and method for analyzing and diagnosing conditions, such as cancer, based upon stained tissue sample slides prepared by users from patient tissue taken, for example, in a biopsy procedure. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is generated at training time. Slide images are acquired / scanned, and individual cell nuclei from the images are annotated, using IHC. H&E images are acquired / scanned prior to a washout intermediate step from the same slides / tissue samples. IHC is performed on the same tissue layer, which was scanned and used to retrospectively annotate the H&E WSI. IHC is used to annotate a ground truth mask for machine learning. The resultant process achieves a high degree of spatial resolution in detecting individual IHC positive nuclei, yielding process that is almost entirely automated, employing materials that are commonly available in clinical practice. In runtime, users access the CNN to perform analysis on patient slides.

A method for pre-treatment identification of cancer patients that respond to anti-CLEVER-1 therapy comprising an administration of an agent capable of binding to CLEVER-1 in a patient. In the method, the presence of CLEVER-1 expressing cells is detected in a tumor sample obtained from a cancer patient, by immunohistochemistry staining by a mouse monoclonal IgG2a kappa STAB-1 antibody (clone 4G9), and a percentage of intra-tumoral CLEVER-1 expressing cells from the total amount of viable intra-tumoral cells present in the stained sample is calculated. A tumor sample which shows substantial percentage of CLEVER-1 expressing intra-tumoral cells is an indication that the cancer patient is responsive to the anti-CLEVER-1 therapy.

The present application relates to the technical field of biology, and particularly discloses a kind of tyrosine iodination modified PP2A protein monoclonal antibody, preparation method and application.The present application is prepared by tyrosine iodination modified PP2A protein antigen peptide, rabbit is immunized to prepare monoclonal antibody, and is selected by phage display technology, expression vector amplification and ELISA screening, finally obtains a strain of monoclonal antibody R004 that can effectively recognize target.The antibody shows good sensitivity and specificity in immunohistochemistry, cell immunofluorescence and protein immunoblotting.The monoclonal antibody screened in the present application can be used in the detection of tyrosine iodination modification of PP2A protein catalytic subunit 307, and provides support for tumor diagnosis, anti-tumor and neurological disease drug research and development.

A laboratory immunohistochemical staining slide fixing and auxiliary operation apparatus, comprising an immunohistochemical staining slide fixing apparatus (1), a storage box (5), and a dedicated filter box for coverslipping (6). The immunohistochemical staining slide fixing apparatus (1) comprises a slide grasping spring (11), a first handle (12) and a second handle (13), one end of the first and second handles (12, 13) being fixed to two sides of the slide grasping spring (11), respectively, and the other ends each being bent inward to form first and second gripping parts (14, 15). By means of squeezing the handles (12, 13) to drive the top of the slide grasping spring (11) to arch open, multiple staining slides (2) can be inserted and positioned on the slide grasping spring (11); releasing the spring (11) can clamp and fix the slides (2) for subsequent batch immunohistochemical staining operations, such as staining and washing, significantly improving experiment efficiency. The storage box (5) enables centralized storage of multiple slide fixing apparatuses (1), preventing small fixing apparatuses (1) from being lost due to random placement, and reducing laboratory losses. The dedicated filter box for coverslipping (6) is used to place a slide (2) to be coverslipped on a filter mesh thereof for coverslipping processing, allowing residual xylene on the slide (2) to be centrally recovered, and thereby improving laboratory environmental safety and the personal safety of operators.

w The invention discloses a detection method for predicting efficacy and prognosis of immunotherapy for small cell lung cancer based on ATAD2 expression, and relates to the technical fields of molecular biology and cancer treatment. The method comprises the following steps: extracting a tumor tissue sample of a small cell lung cancer patient through surgical resection; Detecting the tumor tissue sample to obtain ATAD2 expression level, wherein the detection adopts an immunohistochemical staining method. According to the invention, the expression level of ATAD2 in tumor tissues of small cell lung cancer is quantitatively evaluated by immunohistochemical detection technology, and the molecular marker information is systematically correlated with the clinical and pathological characteristics of patients by combining Cox regression analysis and Logistic regression analysis, so that the comprehensive prediction of immunotherapy efficacy and patient survival time is realized.

The invention discloses application of SNCG protein in auxiliary diagnosis of prostate cancer, and relates to the technical field of biological medicine. The application way is as follows: the reagent for specifically detecting the expression of the SNCG protein in a biological sample is used for preparing a product for auxiliary diagnosis of the prostate cancer. Proteome analysis on urine proteins of a prostate cancer patient and a normal male shows that the concentration of the SNCG protein in the urine of the prostate cancer patient is obviously higher than that of the normal male group, and immunohistochemical analysis on archive wax blocks and surrounding normal prostate tissues of the prostate cancer patient shows that the SNCG protein can be applied to the prostate cancer patient. The SNCG protein has a certain expression rate in the prostate cancer, which indicates that the SNCG protein has a certain relationship with the occurrence and development of the prostate cancer, and can be used for assisting the diagnosis of the prostate cancer and the diagnosis of difficult cases so as to improve the diagnosis rate and the survival rate of patients.

This invention discloses an anti-ERBB2 monoclonal antibody, its preparation method, and its applications, belonging to the field of biomedical technology. This anti-ERBB2 monoclonal antibody uses the intracellular domain of the human ERBB2 protein as an immunogen and is obtained through animal immunization, B cell screening, gene cloning, and recombinant expression techniques. It can specifically recognize the human ERBB2 protein, exhibiting high affinity and high specificity, and can recognize both native and denatured ERBB2 proteins. This monoclonal antibody can be applied in immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blotting (WB), flow cytometry, ELISA detection, and tumor targeted therapy. Experimental results show that this antibody has low background and no non-specific binding, accurately detecting ERBB2-overexpressing tumor cells and tissues, and has significant application value in the diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and targeted therapy of ERBB2-related diseases such as breast cancer.

The application relates to the field of health assessment, and particularly discloses a ZNF281-based gastric cancer prognosis value evaluation system, which comprises a ZNF281 expression quantification module, which is used for detecting the protein / RNA expression level of ZNF281 in tumor tissue through immunohistochemistry, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR or Western blot technology; a stemness feature and signal path analysis module, which is used for acquiring the protein expression or cell positive rate of stemness genes CD44 and SOX9; then evaluating the activation state of an IL6 / JAK / STAT3 path, including Western blot detection of a p-STAT3 / STAT3 ratio, ELISA determination of IL6 and CXCL5 cytokine levels; then analyzing the cancer-associated fibroblast infiltration in a tumor microenvironment, quantifying the CAF density through alpha-SMA immunofluorescence staining, and combining single-cell sequencing analysis of the interaction strength of a CXCL5 / CXCR2 signal shaft. The technical scheme of the application can integrate the expression amount of ZNF281, signal path activity and clinical pathological data, and precisely stratify the chemotherapy sensitivity and prognosis of gastric cancer patients.

The invention discloses an environment-friendly biological tissue sample preparation sleeve solution and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of application of pathological reagents in the pathology department. In order to solve the technical problems that in the prior art, in the tissue fixing and tissue wax block preparation process, the fixing effect is not ideal, fixing liquid and transparent liquid pollute the environment and harm human health, dehydration liquid is not thorough in dehydration, subsequent wax dipping liquid permeation is affected, wax blocks cannot be sliced, and the environment is polluted. The invention provides an environment-friendly biological tissue sample preparation set solution and application thereof, the preparation set solution is composed of a stationary solution, a dehydration solution and a transparent solution, and the stationary solution is composed of 40-70 parts of a protein fixing agent, 1-10 parts of a preservative, 1-5 parts of an osmotic pressure regulator, 2-5 parts of a wetting agent, 0.1-0.5 part of an antioxidant and 15-45 parts of purified water. The prepared sleeve solution can be applied to pathological histology and animal and plant specimen preparation, including conventional pathological diagnosis, immunohistochemical diagnosis technology, molecular biological diagnosis technology and the like.

The invention provides biomarkers, methods involving their use, and a diagnostic kit that enables the distinction between muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and non-muscle- invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) which represents a critical step in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer. This kit, based on widely used and cost-effective immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques in pathology practice, comprises an effective biomarker panel for distinguishing between MIBC and NMIBC. This invention is suitable for routine use in clinical pathology practice, enabling better guidance of patient treatment processes and more accurate determination of disease progression.

A method for pre-treatment identification of cancer patients that respond to anti-CLEVER-1 therapy comprising an administration of an agent capable of binding to CLEVER-1 in a patient. In the method. the presence of PD-L1 expressing cells and CLEVER-1 expressing cells is detected in a tumor sample obtained from a cancer patient. by immunohistochemistry staining by a PD-L1 specific antibody and a mouse monoclonal lgG2a kappa STAB-1 antibody (clone 4G9), and then a percentage of PD-L1 expressing cells from the total amount of viable cells present in the stained sample, and a percentage of intra-tumoral CLEVER-1 expressing cells from the total amount of viable intra-tumoral cells present in the stained sample. is calculated. A tumor sample which shows low percentage of PD-L1 expressing cells or not comprising PD-L1 expressing cells together with substantial percentage of CLEVER-1 expressing intra-tumoral cells is an indication that the cancer patient is responsive to the anti-CLEVER-1 therapy.

The invention discloses a liver cancer recurrence prediction method based on VCP and 20S proteasome synergistic up-regulation and a kit and application of the liver cancer recurrence prediction method, discovers a specific protein marker of a recurrence patient after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surgical resection, and further provides a method for predicting postoperative recurrence of the hepatocellular carcinoma patient. The invention further develops a detection kit for predicting and diagnosing the recurrence of the hepatocellular carcinoma patient, the detection kit can be used for immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analysis, and early prediction and diagnosis of the recurrence condition of the hepatocellular carcinoma can be carried out through a needle biopsy sample before the hepatocellular carcinoma patient is subjected to surgical resection through detection of the kit. And an optimized treatment scheme is suggested for treatment, so that the prognosis and survival rate of the hepatocellular carcinoma patient are improved. Meanwhile, the liver cancer recurrence rate is remarkably reduced by targeted inhibition of VCP-20S proteasome through CB-5083, and the application can be used for early intervention and precise medical treatment of liver cancer recurrence.

This invention belongs to the field of biotechnology, specifically relating to a recombinant monoclonal antibody against Ki-67, its preparation method, and its applications. The recombinant monoclonal antibody against Ki-67 includes a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region; the heavy chain variable region includes the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO.3; and the light chain variable region includes the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO.4. This invention utilizes hybridoma technology to prepare a mouse anti-human Ki-67 recombinant monoclonal antibody. This recombinant antibody has a well-defined structure, high titer, and better stability, effectively solving the problems existing in traditional antibody preparation. It can be applied in detection and screening fields such as immunohistochemistry, indirect ELISA, antibody chip preparation, and immunofluorescence, facilitating accurate assessment and detection results.

Provided is a fluorescent compound for labeling a biomaterial having the following Chemical Formula 1:In Chemical Formula 1 above, n is an integer of 1 to 6; X1 and X2 are the same as or different from each other, and each independently selected from H, SO3− and SO3H; R1 and R2 are the same as each other or each independently selected from C1-7 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C8-20 alkyl, —(CH2)m1SO3−, —(CH2)m2SO3H, andm1 is an integer of 1 to 7, m2 is an integer of 1 to 7; p1 is an integer of 1 to 10; r1 is an integer of 1 to 10; and Y1 is selected from H, —OH, halogen ando1 is an integer of 1 to 10.

The present invention discloses a chicken - derived recombinant full - length monoclonal IgY antibody against human thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) (hTK1 - IgY - rmAb) and its application. By an improved phage display method, using the C - terminal 195 - 225 polypeptide of human TK1, a chicken - derived recombinant full - length monoclonal IgY antibody against human TK1 was developed. A super - large library of 3.4×10<supgt;9< / supgt> pfu / mL was rapidly constructed within three weeks, and the positive clone rate was as high as 98%. By using ELISA, immunoblotting and immunohistochemical detection methods, an optimized hTK1 - IgY - rmAb antibody with high specificity and high sensitivity was identified. The present invention improves the stability between batches of the antibody, enables the operation of a new generation of TK1 detection kits based on recombinant IgY antibodies on an automated chemiluminescence analyzer, and can meet the detection requirements for large - scale early - stage tumor risk screening.

The invention discloses a tumor-retina antigen and application thereof, and relates to the field of breast cancer treatment. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, analyzing transcriptome data and immunohistochemical staining results of a human body, and screening out PDE6G protein which is highly expressed only in normal retina tissues and breast cancer cells of the human body; then, the protein is used as an antigen, a corresponding mRNA vaccine is designed and prepared, and the function and the biological safety of the vaccine are verified on the aspects of cells, tissues and organs. In conclusion, a new target spot and a new mRNA vaccine are provided for treatment of the breast cancer, a theoretical basis is laid for diversified treatment of the breast cancer, and meanwhile, the target spot and the mRNA vaccine have huge application prospects.

In another embodiment, an immunohistochemistry (IHC) method is provided for reproducibly determining and scoring the level of expression of the protein Melanoma Associated Antigen Gene-A4 (MAGE-A4) in tissue samples. In another embodiment, a method is provided for diagnosing, treating, or ameliorating cancer or tumor, or assessing the risk of recurrence, using an IHC method as provided herein. In another embodiment, a kit is provided that includes components and instructions for carrying out a method as provided herein. The present application describes methods for scoring MAGE-A4 expression and using the score as a companion or complementary diagnostic, or for treating or ameliorating cancer or tumor.

The present disclosure provides antibodies, including but not limited to monoclonal antibodies, capable of specifically binding the human PAX8 protein. Also provided are nucleic acids encoding the anti-PAX8 antibodies described herein, as well as expression vectors comprising these nucleic acids, host cells transformed with the expression vectors comprising the nucleic acids encoding the anti-PAX8 antibodies, and methods of making the antibodies. The anti-PAX8 antibodies described herein are useful for immunohistochemical detection of human PAX8 protein in tissue samples.

In alternative embodiments, provided are chimeric, synthetic or recombinant anti-human ICOS protein or polypeptide (also called inducible T-cell co-stimulator, or Cluster of Differentiation-278, or CD278) antibodies (Abs), including products of manufacture and kits comprising them, and methods for making and using them, including for example their use in the detection or diagnosis, and treatment, of a cancer, or other diseases or conditions involving expression of ICOS. In alternative embodiments, anti-ICOS proteins (for example, antibodies) as provided herein are used together with an agent for determining whether ICOS expression or activity is present, increased, reduced or absent. In alternative embodiments, anti-ICOS antibodies as provided herein are used in the diagnosis and / or treatment of a cancer or a tumor.