The invention provides an upconversion-immunochromatography test strip for detecting Escherichia coli O157:H7, and a detection method thereof. The test strip comprises a sample pad, a conjugate pad, an analysis membrane and an absorbent pad, the sample pad and the conjugate pad are glass cellulose membranes, the analysis membrane is a nitrocellulose membrane, the absorbent pad is a cellulose membrane, the analysis membrane is provided with a detection line and a quality control line, the sample pad, the conjugate pad and the absorbent pad are sequentially pasted on a PVC plate, the conjugate pad is immobilized with an upconversion luminescence nanoparticle-Escherichia coli O157:H7 monoclonal antibody IgG conjugate, the detection line on the analysis membrane is immobilized with an Escherichia coli O157:H7 antigen, and the quality control line is immobilized with MAbF1. The above upconversion nanomaterial-based immunofluorescence test strip has the advantages of low sensitivity, wide detection range, stable signal, no photobleaching, low background, sensitive signal, and accurate and reliable result.