The invention discloses a method for protecting the surface of a water cooling wall tube of a boiler. The method includes the process steps of shot peening treatment and supersonic arc spraying, and specifically includes the following steps that a, surface pretreatment is conducted, specifically, sundries on the surface of the water cooling wall tube are cleared; b, shot peening is conducted, specifically, the surface of the water cooling wall tube are subjected to ultrasonic shot peening treatment by projectiles ejected by an ultrasonic shot-blasting machine; c, spraying is conducted, specifically, after shot peening, supersonic arc spraying equipment is used for spraying an HDS-88A coating on the water cooling wall tube after shot peening treatment, and the thickness of the coating is 0.6-0.8 mm; and d, hole sealing is conducted, specifically, the HDS-88A coating is subjected to hole sealing through a hole sealing agent. According to the method for protecting the surface of the watercooling wall tube of the boiler, the technologies of ultrasonic shot peening and supersonic spraying are combined, properties such as wear resistance, fatigue fracture resistance and corrosion resistance of the water cooling wall tube are effectively improved, and the service life of the water cooling wall tube is prolonged.