The invention relates to data processing technology, in particular to a production data processing method applying radio frequency identification technology and a data acquisition device. The production data processing method comprises: step A, judging whether production data are in an on-line mode, if so, continuing step B, otherwise, continuing step C; step B, acquiring employee numbers, process numbers and workpiece numbers through the radio frequency identification technology respectively, generating associated numbers comprising the employee numbers, the process numbers and the workpiece numbers, and sending the associated numbers to a production server; and step C, acquiring employee numbers, process numbers and workpiece numbers through the radio frequency identification technology respectively, generating associated numbers comprising the employee numbers, the process numbers and the workpiece numbers, and storing the associated numbers in a data memory. The invention adopts a technical proposal that the data acquisition device acquires data and the production server automatically counts the workpiece number of employees, so the cost for counting workpieces on a production line is lowered, and the production and management efficiency is improved.