The invention provides a water quality safeguard system and a water quality safeguard method for a drinking water reservoir. According to the water quality safeguard system and the water quality safeguard method, an automatic water quality monitoring mechanism, a water inflow regulating and controlling mechanism, a reservoir area water ecology mechanism and a water outflow regulating and controlling mechanism are adopted to treat raw water which flows from a river channel into the reservoir. The water quality safeguard system and the water quality safeguard method, provided by the invention, have a wide application range, play a favorable role in water qualification and water quality safeguard of drinking water reservoirs in plain and mountain areas, have the advantages of high water quality safeguard property, good water qualification effect and high water supply safety, reflect the concepts of ecological preservation, low carbon, environmental protection and the like, have high economy, high practicability and wide applicability, are especially suitable to popularize and apply among drinking water reservoirs with unstable raw water quality, long water retention time, eutrophication risks, low water supply assurance rates and emergency water storage functions.