The invention discloses a curtain wall cleaning robot control system and method controlled by a microcontroller and belongs to the field of climbing robots. According to the curtain wall cleaning robot control system and method, an internal attachment walking mechanism and an external attachment walking mechanism are alternately attached to a curtain wall, so that a curtain wall cleaning robot horizontally and vertically moves, the curtain wall cleaning robot turns freely by using rotation movement of the internal attachment walking mechanism, and 360-degree all-dimensional movement is achieved; meanwhile, adhesive discs in the internal attachment walking mechanism and the external attachment walking mechanism have the extending and retracting functions, and the curtain wall cleaning robothas good obstacle crossing function and can be suitable for a frameless glass curtain wall and a frame glass curtain wall; according to the curtain wall cleaning robot control system and method, by using a microcontroller program and a control circuit, a motor and a magnetic valve in the curtain wall cleaning robot are subjected to logic control so that the curtain wall cleaning robot can executemovements such as cleaning, walking, turning and obstacle crossing according to operation commands, and the curtain wall cleaning robot is operated flexibly and conveniently, is stable and reliable,and improves the working efficiency and cleaning effect.