The invention relates to the technical field of low-temperature leak detection testing of valves, in particular to a low-temperature leak detection system and leak detection method of a valve. The system comprises a gas supply and distribution device, a refrigeration device, a first helium mass spectrometer leak detector, a second helium mass spectrometer leak detector, a plurality of gas inlet pipelines, a plurality of gas outlet pipelines and a vacuum detection platform, wherein the gas supply and distribution device is communicated with the vacuum detection platform through the gas inlet pipelines, the first helium mass spectrometer leak detector is communicated with the vacuum detection platform through the gas outlet pipelines, each pair of gas inlet pipeline and gas outlet pipeline is respectively connected to two ends of the corresponding valve to be detected, and valves are respectively arranged on the first helium mass spectrometer leak detector, the second helium mass spectrometer leak detector, the gas inlet pipelines and the gas outlet pipelines. According to the invention, the refrigeration device is used as a cold source, so that the safety and the reliability of thetest are improved, the labor cost and the test cost are reduced, the temperature of a sample is accurate and controllable, a plurality of valves to be tested can be detected in one test, and the testperiod is short.