190results about How to "Remove pollutants" patented technology

An exposure apparatus forms an immersion area of a liquid on the side of the image plane of a projection optical system and performs exposure of a substrate via the projection optical system and the liquid of the immersion region. The exposure apparatus has an optical cleaning unit which irradiates a predetermined irradiation light, having an optical cleaning effect, onto, for example, the upper surface of the substrate stage which makes contact with the liquid for forming the immersion area. Thus, it is possible to prevent deterioration of the exposure accuracy and measurement accuracy due to pollution of the member in contact with the liquid in the immersion region.

A single crystal semiconductor layer is formed over a substrate having an insulating surface by the following steps: forming an ion doped layer at a given depth from a surface of a single crystal semiconductor substrate; performing plasma treatment to the surface of the single crystal semiconductor substrate; forming an insulating layer on the single crystal semiconductor substrate to which the plasma treatment is performed; bonding the single crystal semiconductor substrate to the substrate having the insulating surface with an insulating layer interposed therebetween; and separating the single crystal semiconductor substrate using the ion doped layer as a separation surface. As a result, a semiconductor substrate in which a defect in an interface between the single crystal semiconductor layer and the insulating layer is reduced can be provided.

A paper making machine may having heated rolls for making high clay content papers. A roll cleaning apparatus may be mounted to the paper making machine. The roll cleaning apparatus may have a cleaning member that is mounted to a support member that extends lengthwise relative to a first roll of the paper making machine. The cleaning member may be a pad having a substantial area of the surface of the roll may be contacted. The cleaning member may be movable between an engaged position against the roll during operation, and a disengaged position spaced away from the roll in a non-operating condition, such as when replacement of the cleaning member is desired. The roll cleaning apparatus may include a drive connected to cause linear reciprocation of the cleaning member. The roll cleaning apparatus may have a drive or actuator mounted to move the cleaning member between the engaged and disengaged positions, and may be operable to bias the cleaning member against the roll in use.

The present invention relates to a method for preventing the deposition of contaminants in steam systems. In a method of this type, deposits are prevented in a simple and economic manner by metering an additive into the steam, which additive adheres to the steam-side surface of the steam system and has the effect of repelling moisture and contaminants.

A process for continuous countercurrent ion exchange comprises piping a contaminated feed stream into a closed loop ion exchange contactor. The contactor is an ion exchange bed that has three or more reaction segments. The segments are comprised of at least an adsorption segment for treating the contaminated feed stream, a regeneration segment for stripping the contaminant ions from the resin bed, and a pulse segment for advancing the resin bed. Simultaneously, the feed stream is moved through the contactor in the same direction as the regeneration stream. Measuring the quality of this treated feed stream after it exits the contactor monitors the treatment capacity of the resin bed. In response to this quality measurement, the regenerated resin bed is advanced in the pulse segment of the contactor. The spent brine is recycled back to the contactor until the final effluent brine is highly concentrated. After the resin stops advancing, the feed stream and regeneration stream resume flow. Process water is recycled in four different steps of the ion exchange process, for the dilution of acid, as resin rinsing water, for back wash and during the resin pulsing stage.

The invention provides a TiO2-SiO2 composite aerogel and a preparation method of the TiO2-SiO2 composite aerogel. The Ti / Si molar ratio of the TiO2-SiO2 composite aerogel is ranging from 1:10 to 10:1, the density thereof is 0.1-0.35 g / cm<3>, the porosity thereof is 84-94%, the aperture thereof is 5.0-20.0nm, the pore volume thereof is 1.0-5.0cm<3> / g and the specific surface thereof is 500-1200m<2> / g. The preparation method mainly comprises the steps that modifier consisting of alcohols, silanes and alkanes reagent is used for carrying out the modification and solvent replacing disposal. The TiO2-SiO2 composite aerogel of the invention has the advantages of low density, large specific surface, high pore volume and high porosity; the porosity can achieve 84-94%; the preparation method of the TiO2-SiO2 composite aerogel adopted by the invention adopts cheap and easily gained raw material TiCl4 and industrial water glass and can reduce the production cost; furthermore, the normal-pressure dry-process is convenient and feasible, and suitable for large-scale industrialization production and application.