The invention discloses a seawater desalination method implemented by solar membrane distillation, which belongs to a water desalination technology. A membrane distillation assembly, a pretreatment unit, a solar heat-collected circulating water inlet unit, an internal phase change heat recovery unit and an external condensing heat recovery unit are included, wherein a hollow fiber membrane and a hollow fiber condenser pipe are filled in the membrane distillation assembly in a staggered weaved mode, and the pretreatment unit, the solar heat-collected circulating water inlet unit, the internal phase change heat recovery unit and the external condensing heat recovery unit are assorted. A material liquid to be treated, alternately as a hot material liquid and a cold material liquid, is fed into a hot cavity of the hollow fiber membrane of the membrane distillation assembly and a cold cavity of the hollow fiber condenser pipe, so that the membrane distillation assembly can be flexibly amplified for multi-group and multi-level arrangement, therefore, the membrane distillation assembly both can be implemented in a small-scale arrangement mode, and also facilitates wide-range integrated seawater desalination applications; and the design of the novel membrane distillation assembly ensures the high-yield water efficiency, and the multi-level arrangement mode and external condensing heat recovery process of the membrane distillation assembly improve the utilization rate of heat energy. A cheap solar heat collecting device is taken as a driving heat source, and a liquor condensate cooling device is not required to be separately introduced, so that the investment, operation cost and energy consumption of the device are greatly reduced.