The invention discloses a combined prefabricated base board and composite floor slab structure and a composite floor slab construction method and relates to the field of building structures. The problems are solved that the bending, shearing and cracking resistance capability of prefabricated base boards of existing composite floor slabs cannot be adjusted after forming; a variety of prefabricatedbase boards exist and are inconvenient to prefabricate, produce, transport and install; when spans are larger, the thickness is increased, the cost is high and hoisting is difficult. According to theadopted technical scheme, a combined prefabricated base board comprises a prefabricated base board body and a supporting part, a connector is embedded in the prefabricated base board body, the upperend of the connector penetrates out of the upper surface of the prefabricated base board, any one of the upper side and the lower side of the prefabricated base board body is connected with the supporting part, and the supporting part is detachably connected with the connector. The upper surface of the prefabricated base board body is poured with a later-poured concrete composite layer to form thecomposite floor slab structure. The prefabricated base board body is connected with the supporting part and can be made thinner, the bending resistance capability of the prefabricated base board bodyat a construction stage can also be adjusted, the types of combined prefabricated base boards are decreased, formwork-free construction is achieved, and development of prefabricated buildings is promoted.