An ultrashort pulse carrier-envelope phase detection device comprises an ultrashort pulse laser of a fixed repetition frequency, a michelson interferometer, an optical beam splitter, a first optical filter, a first photoelectric detector, a first electrical frequency doubling unit, a second optical filter, a second photoelectric detector, a second electrical frequency doubling unit, and an electrical frequency mixing and filtering unit. The ultrashort pulse laser, the michelson interferometer and the optical beam splitter are in light path connection in order. The first optical filter, the first photoelectric detector, and the first electrical frequency doubling unit with a multiple of (p-1) are connected with a first output end of the optical beam splitter. The second optical filter, the second photoelectric detector, and the second electrical frequency doubling unit with a multiple of p are connected with a second output end of the optical beam splitter. The electrical frequency mixing and filtering unit is connected with output ends of the first electrical frequency doubling unit and the second electrical frequency doubling unit. The modes of time domain time delay and frequency domain selection are adopted, front and back pulses delayed for a certain period are subjected to coherent detection with the michelson interferometer, two different frequency windows are used for frequency domain selection, signals representing carrier-envelope phase jitter are extracted, and measurement of the ultrashort pulse carrier-envelope phase signals are achieved by electrical frequency doubling and frequency mixing processes.