The invention discloses a method and device for rapidly measuring a dielectric loss angle based on time domain quasi-synchronization. The measuring method comprises the following steps of signal sampling, fundamental frequency estimation, reconstitution of a quasi-synchronization sampling sequence of sampled signals, frequency analysis based on the FFT, fundamental wave phase angle calculation and dielectric loss angle calculation. The measuring device comprises a power module. The power module is respectively and electrically connected with an analog-digital converter and a digital signal processor. The analog-digital converter is respectively connected with a voltage measurement signal converting circuit, a current measurement signal converting circuit and a standard reference voltage module. The analog-digital converter is connected with a digital signal processor through an SPI. The digital signal processor is electrically and respectively connected with a reset module, a debugging JTAG interface, a synchronization dynamic random access memory, an FLASH and an active crystal oscillator. According to the detecting method, rapid, accurate and stable measurement of the dielectric loss angle can be achieved, sampling time is short, the sampling data size is small, the algorithm is simple, operand is small, and an embedded system is easy to obtain. The measuring device is accurate in measurement.