The invention belongs to the technical field of optics, and relates to a fingerprint and vein double biological feature extraction optical imaging system which is capable of operating at a visible light waveband and a near-infrared waveband at the same time and adopts an active optical imaging mode, wherein a white light LED (Light-Emitting Diode) light source and a near-infrared LED light sourceare adopted to respectively perform surface-type lighting and lateral-transmission-type lighting on a to-be-detected object, then a fingerprint image and a vein image are acquired by the optical imaging system at the same time, and the fingerprint image and the vein image are received by a follow-up sensor after an infrared filter. The fingerprint and vein double biological feature extraction optical imaging system is based on a double gaussian structure, and adopts a coaxial transmission type structure, so that small-volume optical imaging is achieved through few optical lenses, in comparisonwith a conventional system, the volume is greatly reduced, thus the optical imaging system has the characteristic of simple and compact structure; in addition, focusing performances of the optical imaging system at various field positions of double wavebands are all close to a diffraction limit, thus the optical imaging system has the advantages of small distortion, high energy concentration rate, uniform image surface illumination distribution and so on; and extraction of double biological features consisting of fingerprint and vein can be completed at the same time, thus the optical imagingsystem also has the advantage of high security.