The invention discloses a microwave photon channelization receiving method based on polarization multiplexing optical frequency dispersion and an integrated coherent receiver, and relates to the technical field of microwaves and the technical field of optical communication. The method is as shown in Figure 1 in the specification, and a light source, a radio frequency signal source, a Mach-Zehndermodulator, an optical coupler, an erbium-doped fiber amplifier, an optical band-pass filter, a double-parallel quadrature phase shift keying modulator, a polarization controller and an integrated coherent receiver (ICR) are included. And channelized receiving of four channels can be realized only by using two linearly polarized multiplexed local oscillator optical frequency combs. In addition, according to the method, the problem of mirror image interference existing in the dual-optical-frequency microwave photon channelization receiver is solved by combining ICR with a digital signal processing DSP algorithm. Because no high-frequency electric device is used, the method has the advantages of large bandwidth, high image rejection ratio and the like. Due to the fact that optical carriers are restrained and balance detection is adopted, the method further has the advantage of being high in gain.