The invention discloses a microwave signal optical fiber stationary phase transmission system based on a microwave phase shifter. The system comprises a central station, a far end and a single-mode optical fiber. The central station is connected with the far end through the single-mode optical fiber. The central station is composed of a semiconductor laser device, a dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator, a microwave signal source, a first power divider, a first optical filter, an erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier, an optical coupler, a first array waveguide grating, a first photoelectric detector, a frequency eliminator, a second power divider, an optical source, a strength modulator, a second optical filter, an optical circulator, a second photoelectric detector, a first electric mixer, a band-pass filter, a second electric mixer, a low-pass filter and a linear voltage amplification circuit. The far end is composed of a second array waveguide grating, a third photoelectric detector and a Faraday polariscope. According to the invention, the advantage of low building and maintenance cost can be realized; and the phase jitter of microwave signals can be extracted and fed back on a real-time basis.