122 results about "Vapour pressure of water" patented technology

This method of upgrading a biomass comprises: an upgrading step for performing upgrading treatment of a cellulose based biomass with an oxygen/carbon atomic ratio of at least 0.5, in presence of water and under a pressure of at least saturated water vapor pressure, and reducing said oxygen/carbon atomic ratio of said biomass to no more than 0.38, and a separation step for separating an upgraded reactant obtained from said upgrading step into a solid component and a liquid component.

The invention relates to foaming type thermoplastic polyurethane particles and a preparation method thereof. The particles are prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer particles, 0.1-5 parts of a pore nucleating agent and 1-40 parts of a foaming agent. The average diameter of the foaming type thermoplastic polyurethane particles which is prepared by mixing the thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer particles and the pore nucleating agent in a certain ratio is 1-4mm, so that the particles can be easily charged, and can be fused and molded at a relatively low water vapor pressure during a moulding process; and a molded foam product prepared from the foaming type thermoplastic polyurethane particles has the advantages of small deformation, low size shrinkage rate relative to the die, excellent size stability and attractive appearance.

The present invention provides a cooling protective glove to easily and effectively cool the human hand. By natural air and water vapor convection and associated conduction of heat, or the forced flow of other safe gases at an appropriate velocity and pressure, as required, and channeling it by means of an internally molded intrinsic distribution network that is incorporated into the glove. The natural cooling results from providing flow passages for air and water vapor pressure differentials between the parts of the hand, inside the protective glove and the cooler outside ambient conditions. Supplemental cooling may be achieved from a source of a cooling medium.

A method of enhancing the concentration of a first inorganic compound in a first aqueous solution of a first process of a heavy chemical plant, the method comprising (a) feeding the first solution having the first compound at a first concentration and a first water vapor pressure to an osmotic membrane distillation means comprising a hydrophobic, gas and water vapor permeable membrane separating (i) a first chamber for receiving the first solution, from (ii) a second chamber for receiving a receiver feed aqueous solution having a second water vapor pressure lower than the first water vapor pressure; (b) feeding the receiver aqueous feed solution to the second chamber as to effect transfer of water vapor through the membrane from the first chamber to the second chamber, and to produce (i) a resultant first solution having a second concentration of the first compound greater than the first concentration and (ii) a diluted receiver feed aqueous solution; and (c) collecting the resultant first solution. The apparatus and method are of particular value in electrolytic haloalkali production plants in offering reduced capital and operating re-concentration and dilution costs.

The invention provides stable lithium niobate waveguides, and systems and methods for making same. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a waveguide includes a lithium niobate substrate having an upper surface; and a soft proton-exchanged layer embedded within the substrate, the soft proton-exchanged layer formed by exposing the lithium niobate substrate to a proton exchange solution including a proton exchange acid and a lithium salt of the proton exchange acid at a temperature of less than an atmospheric boiling point of the solution, followed by annealing the lithium niobate substrate under a vapor pressure of water preselected to inhibit protons in the substrate from forming water and evaporating from the upper surface of the substrate. The preselected water vapor pressure may be between 0.1 atm and about 0.9 atm, for example, between about 0.4 atm and about 0.6 atm, in one embodiment about 0.47 atm.

A reactor containment vessel cooling technology for preventing the cooling capability and structural integrity of a reactor containment vessel cooling system from decreasing by lowering the temperature of water vapor and gases acquired by the reactor containment vessel cooling system is provided. Based on the technology, the present invention provides a reactor containment vessel cooling system that acquires water vapor in a reactor containment vessel by using water vapor pressure in the vessel as a drive force, condenses the acquired water vapor into condensate, and cools the reactor containment vessel with the condensate. The reactor containment vessel cooling system includes a heat exchange pool 21 that is arranged apart from a dry well 15 and a suppression chamber 16 in the reactor containment vessel 10 and stores a medium for cooling water vapor, a heat exchanger 22 that is immersed in the heat exchange pool 21, acquires water vapor from the dry well 15 in the reactor containment vessel 10, and performs heat exchange between the eater vapor and the cooling medium in the heat exchange pool 21 to generate condensate, and a condensate drain pipe 25 that extracts the condensate from the heat exchanger 22 and guides and discharges the condensate toward a reactor pressure vessel 12.

An energy converting method includes absorbing external ambient heat to be vaporized quickly then changing to be steam and making temperature of external ambient be lowered by controlling pressure of closed system and by utilizing different saturated vapour pressure of water or alcohol under different temperature when water or alcohol is at high temperature working area, then sending steam to low temperature working area to let it release heat to external ambient for raising temperature of external ambient and condensing steam to be liquid state, using above process to form energy conversion circulation. The device for realizing said method is also disclosed.

A system for performing respirometry in the field that has the following: a) a sample inlet; b) a filter connected to the sample inlet and to a mass flow meter, to prevent the entry of particulate matter; c) a pump connected to the mass flow meter; d) a plurality of analyzers connected to the pump to maintain flow through the analyzers, the plurality of analyzers comprising at least i) an oxygen analyzer; ii) a carbon dioxide analyzer; iii) a barometric pressure measurement means, plumbed either to ambient pressure, pressure within the flow system, or to both; iv) a water vapor analyzer to measure relative humidity (RH) in the sampled air; and v) a temperature sensor near the water vapor analyzer; e) a data acquisition system that translates into digital form data from the plurality of analyzers; f) a data management system that incorporates data from the analyzers and performs calculations to at least determine percentages of oxygen and carbon dioxide corrected for water vapor pressure; g) a control system integrated into the apparatus to provide user control over at least some of the calculations; and h) a display for readouts of the plurality of analyzers and results of the calculations.

The invention discloses a device and a method for radioactive waste water concentration treatment, which belongs to the technical field of environment protection. A high-polymer hollow fiber type membrane assembly of hydrophobic materials is used as a main body, and the separation between radioactive nuclide and water is realized through controlling the temperature of solution at both sides of a membrane by using water vapor differential pressure as the pushing force, so the goal of concentrating the waste water is reached. The method has the advantages that the flow process is simple, the operation is easy, the decontamination factor is high, the concentration factor is high, the adaptability is high, and the combination with other processes is easy. The water outlet quality of the wastewater can reach the discharge standard only through one-step membrane distillation.

A method for binding a micro device to a substrate is provided. The method includes: locally showering a gas on a portion of the substrate, wherein the gas has a water vapor pressure higher than an ambient water vapor pressure; and placing the micro device over the portion of the substrate after a part of water in the gas is condensed to form a liquid layer on the portion of the substrate and contacting the micro device with the liquid layer, so that the micro device is gripped by a capillary force produced by the liquid layer and is substantially held in a position within a controllable region on the substrate.

A cryopump regeneration method includes a temperature raising step of raising the temperature of a cryopanel so as to vaporize gas molecules condensed on the exhaust surface of the cryopanel, an evacuation step of evacuating a pump vessel, a determination step of determining whether the internal pressure of the pump vessel has reached a set pressure higher than the water vapor pressure at 0° C., a pressure rise test step of stopping the evacuation and performing a pressure rise test, and an observation step of observing residual water based on the internal pressure of the pump vessel.

A device for separating pollutants in garbage leachates is provided with an input liquid pump connected in turn by pipelines, an endothermic channel of a preheating heat exchange device, an endothermic channel of a phase transition heat exchange device, and a gas-liquid separation device; a gas output terminal of the gas-liquid separation device is connected in turn to a water vapor compressor, a heating channel of the phase transition heat exchange device, a heating channel of the preheating heat exchange device, and a condensate water output terminal; a liquid output terminal of the gas-liquid separation device is connected to the endothermic channel output terminal of the phase transition heat exchange device by a circulating liquid pump, and an output terminal of the circulating liquid pump is connected to a residual liquid output terminal by a derivation liquid pump. The invention can increase the concentration of the pollutants separated from garbage leachates and decrease the volume so as to realize the economical and complete sealing disposal of the pollutants and realize the zero discharge of the pollutants. Meanwhile, the invention can realize the complete recovery and recycling of latent heat and sensible heat, can greatly decreace the operation cost, and has the advantages of high efficiency, saved energy, and reduced consumption.

The invention relates to an MVR wastewater evaporation and concentration system which comprises an evaporator for evaporating raw material wastewater and a separator for separating a water-gas mixture generated in the evaporator. Concentrated waste liquid generated in the separator flows back into the separator through a concentrated water pump to realize circulating flow, and secondary steam obtained by separation of the separator after being pressurized by a water steam compressor enters the evaporator to form a heat source for heating the raw material wastewater. The concentrated waste liquid in the separator is ensured to constantly flow through the concentrated pump and ensured to be uniform in concentration, the problems of pipeline blockage and system instability caused by crystallizing in the separator when the raw material wastewater is concentrated to be close to saturated are effectively prevented, and energy consumption of the system is lowered. In addition, heat generated by the system itself is circularly utilized, so that running cost of the system is lowered, and applicability and reliability of an existing MVR evaporation and concentration device are improved.

The invention provides a degradation treatment process for waste residues of cyanide tailings. The degradation treatment process comprises the following steps: firstly, filling the waste residues of the cyanide tailings into a rotary drum type still kettle, hydrolyzing by virtue of vapor to remove a part of cyanides,; and then, lowering pressure of the vapor and introducing ozone to oxidize and further remove the cyanides at the same time. According to the degradation treatment process, a hydrolysis process and an oxidization process are combined, so that a problem that the mass transfer of the cyanide tailings and an oxidant is solved by virtue of the rotary barrel type reactor. The degradation treatment process is low in requirement on pressure of equipment, low in a vapor temperature, gentle in a reaction condition and low in process cost.

The invention provides a mechanical flash type air conditioning refrigeration system and a working method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of refrigeration. The system uses water as a working medium, and compared with a conventional refrigeration system using freon as the working medium, the mechanical flash type air conditioning refrigeration system has the advantage that the circulating working medium is free of any environmental hazards; and chilled water obtained by flash evaporation in the working process directly exchanges heat with indoor air, the cold release only requires one-stage heat exchange, the system cold loss is small, the operation condition of a water vapor compressor is improved, the operation energy consumption of the water vapor compressor is reduced, and the system has a relatively high refrigeration coefficient. According to the system, the frequency of the water vapor compressor is adjusted during a night valley electricity price period so that the flash refrigerating capacity of the system can be increased; and cold accumulation is carried out through a flash tank, and cold is released during a high-electricity-price period so that the peak load shifting of the electric power resources can be realized, and meanwhile, the operation cost of the system is reduced. The mechanical flash type air conditioning refrigeration system has the advantages of being energy-saving, environmentally friendly and the like.

The invention relates to a CaF2 material for absorbing trace water in HF gas and a preparation method thereof. The CaF2 material is synthesized by taking Na3C6H5O7.2H2O as a complexing agent, Ca(CH3COO)2 as a calcium source and NaBF4 as a fluorine source through a hydrothermal method; the mol ratio of the Ca(CH3COO)2 to the Na3C6H5O7.2H2O to the NaBF4 is 1 to 5 to 2. The CaF2 material prepared bythe method has good thermal stability, has excellent water absorption performance under ultralow water vapor pressure and can be used for effectively absorbing the trace water in the HF gas to prepareHF high-purity electronic gas.