The invention provides a device for decomposing the characteristics of a real symmetric matrix based on circular Jacobian, which comprises a storage module, an angle resolving module, K rotating modules and a control module, wherein the storage module is used for storing and updating the elements of an N-stage real symmetric matrix A and an orthogonal matrix Q; moreover, the storage module reads the ap, the p, the aq, the q, the ap and the q of the A according to a preset circular traversal sequence, transmits the ap, the p, the aq, the q, the ap and the q of the A to the angle resolving module, reads the left multiplication element and the right multiplication element of the A and the right multiplication element of the Q and transmits the left multiplication element and the right multiplication element of the A and the right multiplication element of the Q to the rotating modules; the angle resolving module is used for carrying out angle resolving calculation on a plurality comprising the ap, the p, the aq, the q, the ap and the q and transmitting a rotation angle to the rotating modules; the rotating modules are used for carrying out rotating calculation on the left multiplication element and the right multiplication element of the A or the right multiplication element of the Q according to the rotation angle, outputting data obtained by rotation to the storage module and updating the data; the K is the degree of parallelism; and the control module is used for controlling the data reading and updating of the storage module, the angle resolving calculation of the angle resolving module and the rotating calculation of the rotating modules. By the invention, higher operational performance is realized under a reasonable hardware resource, and the contradiction between the operational performance and the resource consumption is solved.