The invention provides an oxygen-fuel combustion system for a steel rolling heating furnace. The oxygen-fuel combustion system comprises the heating furnace, a fuel system, a combustion-supporting system, a nitrogen purging system, a smoke exhaust system and a control system. The heating furnace comprises a preheating section, a heating section and a soaking section. Total-oxygen flameless combustors are arranged on the side walls of the upper heating area and the lower heating area of the heating section, and the total-oxygen flameless combustors are arranged in an up-and-down layered and left-and-right staggered mode. Total-oxygen flameless combustors are arranged on the side walls of the upper heating area and the lower heating area of the soaking section, and the total-oxygen flameless combustors are arranged in an up-and-down layered and left-and-right staggered mode. Total-oxygen flameless combustors are arranged on the end wall of the heating area on the upper portion of the soaking section and are horizontally arranged in a single-layer mode. The control system comprises a blank tracking system, an intelligent temperature control system, a hearth pressure control system, a linkage alarm protection system and a blank heat preservation rolling waiting system. The combustion efficiency and the heat transfer efficiency of the steel rolling heating furnace are improved, and the purposes of improving productivity, saving fuel, reducing emission and improving product quality are achieved.