The invention provides a surface finishing agent for a textile material. The surface finishing agent is characterized by being prepared from globular protein, a surfactant capable of improving film-forming flexibility, caprolactam, an initiator ethylene acetal capable of reducing reaction activation energy, and water according to proportion, wherein in terms of constituent content for preparing the surface finishing agent, the surface finishing agent comprises 10-20% (solid content, the same as below) of the globular protein, 1-3.5% of the surfactant capable of improving the film-forming flexibility, 1.5-5.5% of the caprolactam, 0.3-1.5% of the initiator capable of reducing the reaction activation energy, 0.7-3% of the ethylene acetal and the balance of water. The surface finishing agent has the following advantages that after the finishing agent is used to carry out surface finishing on the textile materials such as fiber, yarns, threads or fabrics, a finished chemical textile material achieves the characteristic of a natural protein textile material, and therefore, the treated chemical textile material has both the characteristic of the chemical textile material per se and the characteristic of the natural protein textile material, and in addition, the globular protein is readily available and is low in cost.