The invention provides a preparation device and a preparation method for a small-caliber artificial blood vessel micropore structure, and belongs to the technical field of artificial blood vessels. The preparation device is composed of a small-caliber artificial blood vessel preparation device and a micropore preparation device. The small-caliber artificial blood vessel preparation device includesa fixed bracket, a motor, a round tube mold, a heating device, a lifting platform and a dripping device. The micropore preparation device comprises an air pump, a flow valve, a connecting tube, a spray barrel, a second connecting rod and a second clamp. The invention also provides a method for preparing the small-caliber artificial blood vessel micropore structure by the device. The device and method are suitable for all high-molecular materials which are soluble in an organic solvent having a boiling point lower than 160 DEG C, and small-caliber artificial blood vessels of different micropores and specific surface areas can be prepared through the adjustment of conditions such as particle type, size, gas blasting rate and centrifugal force. According to the preparation device and the preparation method, the small-caliber artificial blood vessel with the micropore structure has a function of being favorable for vascular endothelial cell proliferation.