The invention discloses a water bottom detection system for hydraulic engineering. The water bottom detection system comprises detectors, a machine platform and a platform base, slide wheels are connected to the bottom of the machine base, and slide ways are matched with the slide wheels, and installed on a detection ship; the upper end of the machine platform is connected with a telescopic arm set, the telescopic arm set is composed of telescopic arms installed at the two sides, electric control rope releasing devices are connected to the telescopic arms at the two sides, ropes are connectedto the electric control rope releasing devices, detector installing shelves are connected to the lower ends of the ropes, and detectors are installed in the detector installing shelves. The whole systematic water bottom detection system is designed. On one hand, the slide ways are arranged on the detectors so that a detection rack can slide along the slide ways, then the detectors are driven to slide, the detachable range for entry diving each time is large, the two-way detectors are arranged, the water bottom environment is detected simultaneously, and the detection efficiency is effectivelyimproved; on the other hand, the detectors are put into water through the ropes and can be put down into a deep portion, the water bottom environment of a deep water area is detected, the practicability is high, and the application range is wide.