The invention relates to a grassland ecological carrying capacity quantification method based on structural dynamics. According to the method, the principle of the structural dynamics is mainly utilized to carry out grassland ecological carrying capacity research, the mass, damping, rigidity and load in a structural dynamic equation are subjected to physical meaning analogy to express grassland mass, grassland potential, grassland restoring force and grassland pressure respectively, and therefore quantification of the grassland ecological carrying capacity is realized; on the basis of index system construction, standardized processing, external pressure action displacement calculation, grassland loading capacity calculation and other processes, the grassland ecological carrying capacity is quantitatively expressed into a specific value of grassland loading capacity and external pressure action displacement, namely the loading capacity of unit displacement. The method is applied to grassland ecological carrying capacity measurement, dynamic process monitoring, scenario estimation and impact factor identification and can also be applied to quantitative measurement of the carrying capacity of resources, environment and socioeconomic systems to provide guidance for carrying capacity improvement and sustainable development decision making.