The invention provides an optical power microwave testing device and method based on dye optical sensitization characteristics. The device comprises a coaxial resonant cavity, an optical fiber, an optical sensitization dye, a light source, a light source fixing bracket and a vector network analyzer, wherein the vector network analyzer is connected with the coaxial resonant cavity through a microwave cable; the surface of the optical fiber is coated with the optical sensitization dye, and the end, coated with the dye, of the optical fiber is vertically placed in a test hole of the coaxial resonant cavity; the light source is fixed by the bracket and vertically irradiates the test hole of the coaxial resonant cavity. The device has the characteristics of high test precision, good test stability, low use and maintenance cost and low requirements for sample placement; besides, the optical sensitization dye is adopted, wide spectrum detection from red light to purple light can be achieved;the coaxial resonant cavity with concentrated field strength and high quality factor is adopted, and real-time response to the instantaneous change of the radiation power of the light source can be achieved in the test process, so that accuracy of test results is ensured.