The invention provides a detection method and a test device for catalytic properties of a heatproof material based on an emission spectrum. The test device comprises a plasma power supply, an air inlet valve, an infrared temperature measurement window, a double-colorimetric thermodetector, an emission piston, an induction heating power supply, a reaction cavity, a resistance vacuum gauge, a vacuum flange, an induction coil, a zirconium oxide support frame, a single-shaft electric stepping machine, a long-focus focusing lens and a short-focus focusing lens. According to an 'atom-dissipation' laboratory representation method based on emission spectrum diagnosis disclosed by the invention, the disturbance of the surface of the material to gas-phase atoms is quantitatively analyzed by an actinic ray strength method, and the recombination coefficient of the gas-phase atoms at the surface of the material is calculated according to mathematic models of gas-phase diffusion and object surface atomic mass conservation conditions. The test device has the advantages that the operation is simple; based on a catalytic mechanism and by virtue of an emission spectrum diagnosis technique, the surface catalysis coefficients of conductive heatproof materials in a temperature range of 600-3000 DEG C can be obtained through measuring the concentration change of oxygen atoms at the surfaces of the materials to represent the surface catalytic properties of the materials based on catalysis principles and diffusion equations.