46 results about "Indoxacarb" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of insecticides, and discloses an indoxacarb finished product crystallization device and method.The indoxacarb finished product crystallization device comprises a supporting bracket, a stirring tank is arranged at the top of the supporting bracket, an opening plate is arranged on one side of the stirring tank, a mounting frame is arranged at the top of the stirring tank, a driving source is arranged on the mounting frame, and a rotating shaft is arranged at the output end of the driving source; a fixing frame is arranged at the bottom of the inner wall of the stirring tank, and a homogenizing assembly is arranged on the fixing frame; the fixing frame is further provided with a vibration assembly. The homogenizing assembly is used for uniformly mixing the indoxacarb finished product solution in the stirring tank; the vibration assembly is used for reducing the phenomenon of local supersaturation of liquid in the stirring tank through vibration. Compared with the prior art, crystal agglomeration can be reduced, the particle distribution uniformity can be improved, the wall surface scaling risk can be reduced, the cleaning and maintenance frequency can be reduced, and the production efficiency and the product quality can be improved.

The invention discloses a plurality of BVMO or mutants thereof, the BVMO or the mutants thereof can be used for effectively catalyzing 5-chloro-1-oxo-2, 3-dihydro-1H-indene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester to generate (S)-5-chloro-2, 3-dihydro-2-hydroxy-1-oxo-1H-indene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, and the (S)-5-chloro-2, 3-dihydro-2-hydroxy-1-oxo-1H-indene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester can be used for catalyzing 5-chloro-1-oxo-2, 3-dihydro-1H-indene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester to generate (S)-5-chloro-2, 3-dihydro-2-hydroxy-1-oxo-1H-indene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester. The conversion rate and the optical purity of the 2, 3-dihydro-2-hydroxy-1-oxo-1H-indene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester can reach 99%, and excellent catalytic effect and conversion efficiency are shown. The indoxacarb intermediate is prepared by adopting a biological catalysis method, so that the production cost can be greatly reduced, the problem of environmental pollution can be avoided, and the indoxacarb intermediate has a wide application prospect and a high market value.

The invention discloses a nitrogen-doped carbon dot and a rapid fluorescence detection method thereof for indoxacarb residue, and belongs to the field of biosensor technology and food quality detection. L-theanine and ethidene diamine are used as raw materials, the nitrogen-doped carbon dots are prepared through a hydrothermal method, the N-CDs have the advantages of being stable in fluorescence emission, good in salt tolerance and excellent in photobleaching resistance, and indoxacarb can specifically quench fluorescence through the static quenching effect. By optimizing N-CDs synthesis conditions and indoxacarb detection conditions, an indoxacarb fluorescence sensing detection system with high selectivity and high sensitivity is constructed. The detection method disclosed by the invention can be suitable for detecting indoxacarb residues in environmental water samples such as tap water and river water and agricultural product matrixes such as apples and tea leaves, the standard recovery rate is good, the relative standard deviation is low, on-site rapid screening of the indoxacarb residues can be realized, and a new technical means is provided for monitoring the quality safety of the environment and agricultural products.

The present invention provides an indoxacarb-containing pesticide composition, which comprises a first effective component and a second effective component, the first effective component is a compound having a structural formula (I), the second effective component is indoxacarb, and the weight ratio of the first effective component to the second effective component is 1-50: 1-50. The invention also provides application of the pesticide composition in prevention and control of agricultural and forestry pests, especially in prevention and control of chilo suppressalis. Experiments prove that the binary composition obtained by compounding flufenican amide and indoxacarb in a proper proportion has a remarkable synergistic effect, so that the effects of improving the control effect, reducing the dosage and expanding the insecticidal spectrum are achieved. The composition disclosed by the invention has an excellent control effect on target pests such as chilo suppressalis, plutella xylostella, green peach aphid, beet armyworm, ostrinia nubilalis, thrips, flea beetle, spider mites, brown planthopper or liriomyza sativae. (I)

The application provides a compound agent for preventing and treating termites based on Serratia marcescens, which comprises 7.75x10 8 ~2.63x10 12 CFU / mL of Serratia marcescens, and a pathogenic fungus or a biological pesticide or an insect growth regulator or a chemical agent; the pathogenic fungus is Beauvaria bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae; the biological pesticide is ivermectin; the insect growth regulator is lufenuron or buprofezin or diflubenzuron; and the chemical agent is emamectin benzoate or indoxacarb. The compound agent has obvious synergistic effect on preventing and treating termites, reduces the use amount of single agent, is lower in cost, more efficient, stable and green.

The invention relates to the technical field of pesticide manufacturing, and discloses a cyhalothrin and indoxacarb nano microcapsule suspending agent as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The nano microcapsule suspending agent is formed by mixing an indoxacarb nano suspending agent and a cyhalothrin microcapsule suspending agent; wherein when the cyhalothrin microcapsule suspending agent is prepared, methyl oleate and epoxidized soybean oil are used as solvents of an oil phase. The lambda-cyhalothrin and indoxacarb nano microcapsule suspending agent provided by the invention is prepared by mixing the indoxacarb nano suspending agent and the lambda-cyhalothrin microcapsule suspending agent, and when the lambda-cyhalothrin microcapsule suspending agent is prepared, methyl oleate and epoxidized soybean oil are used as solvents of an oil phase, so that the stability of the preparation can be improved to a great extent; therefore, the pesticide effect and the utilization rate of pesticide active ingredients are improved, the use amount and the use frequency are reduced, and pesticide residues and pollution to the environment are reduced.

The present application belongs to the field of prevention and control of Solenopsis invicta Buren, and particularly relates to a bait for preventing and controlling Solenopsis invicta Buren, a preparation method and application thereof. The composition is indoxacarb and spinosad, and the mass ratio of spinosad to indoxacarb is 5:1-1:5. The bait adopts a puffing process, has light texture, and does not affect the attraction effect on Solenopsis invicta Buren in an unfavorable environment. The present application also provides a preparation method of the bait.

The invention belongs to the technical field of pesticides, and relates to an insecticidal composition and application thereof. The insecticidal composition comprises an active component A and an active component B, the active component A is a compound represented by a formula (I), the active component B is any one of metaflumizone and indoxacarb, and the mass ratio of the active component A to the active component B is 1: 54-43: 1. The composition disclosed by the invention has a synergistic effect on prevention and control of agricultural and forestry pests within a certain proportioning range, particularly has excellent insecticidal activity on lepidoptera pest larvae, and is good in quick-acting property and safe to crops.

The invention relates to the technical field of pesticides, and discloses a synergistic suspending agent containing lufenuron. 1000 parts by weight of the synergistic suspending agent comprises the following raw materials: 14-350 parts by weight of lufenuron, 10-250 parts by weight of indoxacarb, 10-200 parts by weight of a synergist, 50-400 parts by weight of an auxiliary agent and the balance of water, and the weight ratio of lufenuron to indoxacarb is 7: 5. The synergist is a mixture of a microbial metabolite and a polymer emulsifier, and the weight ratio of the microbial metabolite to the polymer emulsifier is (3: 1)-(1: 3). The synergistic suspending agent is used for preventing and treating spinach beet armyworms, the permeability and surface tension of the agent can be obviously improved, the disease and insect resistance of crops can be improved, the lasting period is long, and residues are small.

The application provides a resistant sanitary pest control composition containing indoxacarb and application thereof, relates to the technical field of resistant sanitary pest control, and more specifically, the resistant sanitary pest control composition is composed of active ingredient A, active ingredient B, a carrier, and adjuvants, wherein the active ingredient A is indoxacarb; the active ingredient B is R-tetrafluorobenzyl cyclopropane carboxylate pyrethroid, compared with the prior art, the application is synergistic through compounding, reduces resistance, improves the control effect on sanitary pests, especially resistant dipteran sanitary pests such as mosquitoes and flies, reduces the drug dosage, reduces the use frequency, and reduces the drug cost.

The present invention discloses an insecticide bait composition containing a piperic acid derivative compound. The compounded insecticide bait comprises active ingredients A and B, wherein A is a piperic acid derivative compound and B is one of fipronil, indoxacarb, dinotefuran, hydrazone, or imidacloprid. The weight ratio of A to B is 20:1 to 1:10. Because the piperic acid derivative compound is a brand-new insecticide ingredient with a novel mechanism of action, a good lethal effect, and no repellency to sanitary pests, the composition can delay the resistance of single insecticide baits, improve the control effect, and prolong the lasting effect.

This invention relates to the field of agricultural chemicals, particularly to the insecticide indoxacarb, and specifically to a method for preparing the synthetic intermediate of indoxacarb. The method involves constructing an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound using the Knoevenagel reaction, followed by further reduction to obtain the target compound. Compared to the nucleophilic substitution reaction conditions in the original literature, this method offers milder conditions and greater solvent selectivity, making it suitable for large-scale industrial production of acyl halide derivatives. This method is not only simple and efficient, but also boasts high yield and high purity, allowing the target compound to be obtained through simple purification steps.

The invention discloses a group of KASP primers for detecting insecticide resistance mutation of tomato leaf miner (also known as tomato leaf miner) and application of the KASP primers, and relates to the technical field of agricultural biology. The KASP marker primer disclosed by the invention comprises a primer combination which is used for detecting resistance mutations of deltamethrin, indoxacarb, chlorpyrifos and spinetoram, such as TabsM918TTC, TabsT929I, TabsL1014FCT, TabsF1845Y, TabsV1848I, TabsA201S and TabsG275E. The KASP marker primer disclosed by the invention comprises a primer combination which is used for detecting resistance mutations of deltamethrin, indoxacarb, chlorpyrifos and spinetoram. And one or more primer combinations are used for detecting the drug resistance mutation of the tomato leptochloa moth. The group of KASP labeled primers is good in specificity and high in sensitivity, and can accurately detect the pesticide resistance mutation frequency of the tomato lepidoptera moth to the pesticide.

The invention relates to the technical field of chemical purification of pesticides, and discloses a refining and purifying method of indoxacarb. The method comprises the following steps: dissolving an indoxacarb crude product, performing contact adsorption on the dissolved indoxacarb crude product and a temperature-sensitive imprinted silicon material, performing separation to obtain a liquid phase rich in R-isomers and a solid phase loaded with S-isomers, performing recrystallization purification on the liquid phase to obtain R-indoxacarb, performing gradient elution on the solid phase to remove impurities, and performing desorption to obtain high-purity S-indoxacarb, the adsorbent takes mesoporous silica as a carrier, is synthesized in situ through a temperature-sensitive polymer guided by template molecules, and can accurately capture S-isomers at low temperature and quickly desorb during heating. According to the method, high-temperature side reaction is avoided, the process stability is high, the dependence of traditional recrystallization on solubility difference is broken through, the core problem of low chiral separation efficiency is solved, meanwhile, high-selectivity separation is achieved, and the optical purity and yield of the product are remarkably improved.

The application discloses application of an epidermal protein gene SlituCP26 in prevention and treatment of Spodoptera litura, and relates to the technical field of biotechnology.The nucleotide sequence of the SlituCP26 gene is shown as SEQ ID NO:1, the gene is highly expressed in indoxacarb-resistant strains, the dsRNA of the gene is prepared, and the dsRNA is microinjected into the bodies of Spodoptera litura larvae; after the injection, the expression level of the SlituCP26 gene is significantly reduced, the body size of the larvae is obviously reduced, the epidermal thickness is significantly thinned, and the sensitivity to indoxacarb is significantly improved.The application further provides a SlituCP26 gene promoter, and the difference on the sequence amplified through the promoter can be used for detecting the drug resistance of Spodoptera litura.The application confirms that the epidermal protein SlituCP26 gene is involved in the action of Spodoptera litura to insecticides and the formation process of the resistance mechanism, and has theoretical significance for development of new insecticides.

This utility model relates to the technical field of indoxacarb screening equipment, specifically disclosing a screening device for the production of indoxacarb technical grade, including a support mechanism and a screening mechanism. The screening mechanism is arranged on the upper inner side of the support mechanism. The support mechanism includes a support frame, with two mounting blocks symmetrically arranged at both ends of the lower part of the support frame. Telescopic rods are arranged below each of the four mounting blocks. The screening mechanism includes a screen box, with a screen plate connected to the inner side of the screen box. A top plate and a hopper are respectively connected to the upper and lower ends of the screen box. Support plates are connected to both ends of the screen box. A cam is arranged in the lower center of each of the two support plates. Multiple springs arranged in a linear array are arranged on both sides of the cam. This equipment can continuously screen indoxacarb technical grade, ensuring the continuity of the screening operation, improving the screening efficiency of indoxacarb technical grade, reducing the workload of disassembling and assembling related parts, and reducing the risk of users coming into contact with indoxacarb technical grade.

The invention discloses a preparation method of an indoxacarb high-purity intermediate, and belongs to the technical field of pesticide synthesis. Mixing chlorobenzene, 3-chloropropionyl chloride and the modified charcoal, stirring and reacting to obtain a first mixed solution; heating and stirring the first mixed solution for reaction to obtain a second mixed solution; adding dimethyl carbonate and anhydrous potassium carbonate into the second mixed solution, mixing and performing reflux reaction to obtain a third mixed solution; and sequentially carrying out reduced pressure distillation and ethanol recrystallization on the third mixed solution to obtain the high-purity indoxacarb intermediate. According to the invention, a molecular imprinting-coordination-sulfur doping synergistic catalysis system is constructed through three-step modification, so that precise recognition and efficient catalysis cooperation are realized, and the reaction selectivity and the product purity are improved. The modified charcoal has excellent stability and can be recycled, the production process is simplified, and the separation difficulty is reduced.

The invention discloses a catalytic synthesis process of an indoxacarb intermediate, and belongs to the technical field of organic synthesis.The catalytic synthesis process comprises the steps that silicon dioxide is coprecipitated on the surfaces of microspheres assembled through a hydrothermal reaction of sucrose, hydroxyl on the surfaces reacts with amino in chitosan, and chitosan / carbon silicon microspheres are obtained; then carrying out esterification reaction on hydroxyl groups on the surface and phosphoric acid groups of inositol hexaphosphate, removing the silicon dioxide template to obtain hollow carbon phosphide microspheres as carriers to load MOF-Pd, and carbonizing to obtain a palladium phosphide carbon-based catalyst; the palladium phosphide carbon-based catalyst has extremely high specific surface area and porous and macroporous properties, can significantly reduce diffusion resistance and prevent the influence of mass transfer limitation on catalytic efficiency in a process of catalyzing synthesis of an indoxacarb intermediate, not only retains high adsorbability, but also guarantees rapid mass transfer, thereby improving the catalytic efficiency of the catalyst and reducing the cost of the catalyst. The indoxacarb intermediate prepared by the synthesis process has the characteristics of high product conversion rate, high raw material utilization rate and few byproducts.

The application relates to the technical field of indoxacarb production, in particular to a filtering device for indoxacarb production, which comprises a first filtering mechanism for filtering small impurities in indoxacarb particles, and a second filtering mechanism for filtering large-volume impurities in the indoxacarb particles and arranged at the bottom of the first filtering mechanism; the first filtering mechanism comprises a first filtering box, a first rotating shaft is rotationally arranged in the first filtering box, a plurality of equidistant first spiral blades are fixedly arranged on the outer surface of the first rotating shaft, a plurality of dust removal holes are formed through the surface of the first rotating shaft, and the hole diameter of the dust removal holes is smaller than the diameter of the indoxacarb particles; the filtering device solves the problems in the prior art that, although the filtering process of the chemical raw materials can be realized, the filtering holes are prone to be blocked during the filtering process, the filtering effect is affected, the filtering process is even paused, and the filtering effect is poor because the impurities of different specifications cannot be filtered in the prior art.

The invention relates to the technical field of chemical purification of pesticides, and particularly discloses a post-treatment process of indoxacarb. According to the process, metal ions, colored impurities and byproducts in reaction liquid are deeply removed by adopting a composite adsorbent composed of chelate resin loaded nano zinc oxide and beta-cyclodextrin; a high-purity crystal is obtained by combining a mixed solvent with ultrasonic-assisted gradient crystallization; and further treating by using a melting sweating technology under nitrogen protection, and dehydrating crystallization mother liquor through a molecular sieve to realize high-efficiency recovery of the mixed solvent. The purity and quality stability of indoxacarb are remarkably improved and the production cost and environmental pollution are reduced through deep impurity removal by composite adsorption, crystallization efficiency and crystal quality improvement by optimizing a solvent crystallization system, mild refining by melting sweating and efficient solvent recycling.

The present invention belongs to the technical field of pesticides, and specifically relates to a synergistic adjuvant and a indoxacarb·chlorfluazuron liquid formulation. The synergistic adjuvant includes citronella oil, mineral oil, and isomeric alcohol polyoxyethylene ether. The weight ratio of citronella oil, mineral oil, and isomeric alcohol polyoxyethylene ether is 2-6:6-10:3-8. When the synergistic adjuvant is used in the indoxacarb·chlorfluazuron liquid formulation, it can significantly reduce the surface tension of the pesticide, increase the permeability and adhesion of the pesticide, thereby playing a synergistic role.

The utility model discloses a kind of insect mite. indoxacarb suspending agent small amount storage transfer device, including trolley assembly, including base plate, symmetry rotation installation on the base plate pivot, fixed on the pivot gyro wheel, fixed on the base plate fixed seat, rotation installation on the fixed seat rotating rod, fixed on the rotating rod U-shaped frame, fixed on the U-shaped frame connecting rod and fixed on the connecting rod top handrail frame;Placing assembly;Top limiting component;Damping component.This kind of insect mite. indoxacarb suspending agent small amount storage transfer device, can make the left and right of suspending agent bottle body each place all be fixed, to avoid bottle body large amplitude shake;And trolley impact to obstacle, will lead to impact cover first impact, will extrude hydraulic oil into damping cavity, this process plays damping effect, whole process simulation damper working engineering, so as to avoid trolley impact after being impacted.

The invention provides a method for identification and chiral resolution of enantiomers of three new metabolites in an indoxacarb rat, and belongs to the technical field of pesticide metabolite analysis. Three metabolite enantiomers in an indoxacarb rat are separated and identified by adopting a high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technology, a chromatographic column is a polysaccharide derivative chiral chromatographic column, a mobile phase A is an organic solvent, a mobile phase B is a 5mM ammonium acetate aqueous solution, the volume ratio of the mobile phase A to the mobile phase B is 80: 20-85: 15, the column temperature is 35 DEG C, and the flow velocity is 0.8 mL / min. The invention provides a method for effectively identifying and separating enantiomers of three metabolites in a chiral indoxacarb rat, and the method has the advantages of high sensitivity, simplicity in operation, high separation speed and the like.

The invention belongs to the field of agriculture, particularly relates to a pesticide nano synergist CoMnBONZ and a preparation method and application thereof, and constructs a pest drug resistance risk assessment system under the condition that the CoMnBONZ is combined with a pesticide. According to the CoMnBONZ disclosed by the invention, the insecticidal activity of the chlorantraniliprole, the indoxacarb, the lufenuron, the tetrachlorantraniliprole and the spinetoram on the spodoptera frugiperda can be remarkably improved, and the resistance development rate of the spodoptera frugiperda on the chlorantraniliprole is delayed.

Pesticidal mixtures comprising as active compounds A) the ethylsulfone compound of formula (I) and B) at least one further compound B selected from fipronil, lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, tefluthrin, alpha-cypermethrin, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, dinotefuran, tri-flumezopyrim, fenmezoditiaz, spinosad, spinetoram, abamectin, afidopyropen, indoxacarb; met-aflumizone, spiropidion, spidoxamat, chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, tetraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, broflanilide, isocycloseram; dimpropyridaz; and difenoconazole, prothioconazole, flutriafol, ipconazole, tebuconazole, mefentrifluconazole, triticonazole, fluoxytioconazole, metyltetraprole, azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, sedaxane, penflufen, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, pydiflumetofen, isoflucypram, cyclobutrifluram, oxathiapiprolin, fluoxapriprolin, metalaxyl, picarbutrazox, fludioxonil, thiophanat-methyl; methods and use of these mixtures for combating invertebrate pests such as insects, arachnids or nematodes in and on plants, and for protecting such plants being infested with pests, especially also for protecting plant propagation material as like seeds.

The invention provides a polyurea microcapsule indoxacarb red imported fire ant poison bait and a preparation method thereof. The indoxacarb polyurea microcapsule is prepared by adopting an interfacial polymerization method. The polyurea microcapsule indoxacarb poison bait is used for controlling the solenopsis invicta, the propagation range and the coverage depth of the poison bait in a solenopsis invicta nest are effectively increased through slow release of the indoxacarb, meanwhile, the lasting period of the poison bait is prolonged, and the continuous control effect on the solenopsis invicta is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of crop cultivation and plant protection, in particular to an efficient growth treatment agent for tobacco seedling transplantation. The efficient growth treating agent for tobacco seedling transplanting comprises a group A for treating tobacco seedling leaves and a group B for treating tobacco seedling root systems, and the group A comprises enylalan.oxyenylalani soluble powder and bacillus amyloliquefaciens KN-527; and the group B comprises white spirit of 45 degrees or above, a chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb suspending agent, olefinic gland and oxyolefinic gland soluble powder, enzymolysis seaweed extract microbial bacteria and bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Through compounding of the composition, the transplanting survival rate and rapid growth of tobacco seedlings can be promoted, diseases and insect pests are killed, and the stress resistance of the tobacco seedlings is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of pesticide preparations, in particular to an indoxacarb nano controlled release agent. The preparation method of the indoxacarb nano controlled-release agent comprises the following steps: preparing modified chitosan, grafting the modified chitosan to the surface of a hollow silicon dioxide carrier, dispersing the modified hollow silicon dioxide into an indoxacarb acetone solution to load a drug, putting drug-loaded microspheres into a chitosan solution, encapsulating, then putting into a copper sulfate solution, and carrying out freeze-drying to obtain the indoxacarb nano controlled-release agent. And centrifuging, separating, washing and drying to obtain the indoxacarb nano controlled release agent. The indoxacarb nano controlled-release agent disclosed by the invention has good leaf surface adhesion and controlled-release performance, and can improve the biological utilization efficiency of pesticides and better realize the insecticidal effect of the indoxacarb nano controlled-release agent.

The invention discloses an indoxacarb-loaded pH-enzyme dual-response controllable sustained-release material, which is prepared by the following steps: packaging pesticide indoxacarb in a porous skeleton structure material ZIF-8 by adopting a one-pot method, and then coating carboxylated chitosan and chitosan on the particle surface of the material in sequence through electrostatic adsorption to obtain the indoxacarb-loaded pH-enzyme dual-response controllable sustained-release material. The encapsulation efficiency of the prepared IDC-ZIF-8 coated CCS / CS on indoxacarb is about 70%, and poison bait for controlling solenopsis invicta can be prepared by mixing the IDC-ZIF-8 coated CCS / CS with solenopsis invicta bait. The nano material prepared by the invention is based on a carboxylated chitosan and chitosan dual-coating material, has better packaging property, and can meet the controlled release application of pesticides; the nano material has high stability in rainwater, so that the pollution of residual pesticide to the environment is reduced; the poison bait prepared from the compound can effectively slow down the death rate of solenopsis invicta virus transmission ants, is beneficial to delay the ant colony disturbance and migration phenomenon caused by death of a large number of worker ants, and improves the virus transmission efficiency.

The application discloses an indoxacarb wastewater pretreatment method, belongs to the technical field of indoxacarb wastewater pretreatment, and mainly aims at 5-chloro-2-methoxycarbonyl-2-hydroxy-1-indanone, an intermediate of indoxacarb. First, the pH is adjusted to hydrolyze the indoxacarb intermediate into methanol and 5-chloro-2-methoxycarbonyl-2-hydroxy-1-indanone derivatives with carboxylate, the methanol is collected, and then the waste liquid is adjusted to be acidic. The prepared emulsion is added, liquid-liquid separation is carried out, on the basis of recycling of the methanol and the 5-chloro-2-methoxycarbonyl-2-hydroxy-1-indanone derivatives, the waste liquid meeting the national minimum emission standard is obtained, and the waste liquid is sent to a sewage treatment plant for further treatment. The indoxacarb wastewater pretreatment method has the characteristics of energy saving and consumption reduction and recycling of useful components of liquid.