208 results about "Hydrazone" patented technology

The invention belongs to the technical field of organic synthesis, and particularly relates to a salicylaldehyde hydrazone bridged organic boron photoinitiator as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The structural formula of the salicylaldehyde hydrazone bridged organic boron photoinitiator is as shown in formula I, wherein R is H or halogen atom; the salicylaldehyde hydrazone bridged organic boron photoinitiator has a vertical spatial configuration formed by a seven-membered ring and a six-membered ring. A framework of the salicylaldehyde hydrazone bridged organic boron photoinitiator has a unique vertical spatial configuration, generation of a spinning triplet state can be effectively promoted through orbital angular momentum regulation and control, and a more favorable excited state characteristic is provided for a photoinitiation process. The absorption wavelength and the emission spectrum of an LED light source are well overlapped, and high reaction activity can still be kept under the conditions of low irradiation intensity (lt, 60 mW / cm) and short exposure time (lt, 60 s). In addition, the preparation method of the salicylaldehyde hydrazone bridged organic boron photoinitiator is simple and efficient, the raw material cost is low, and the salicylaldehyde hydrazone bridged organic boron photoinitiator has a wide application prospect.

The invention provides a side chain functionalized D-A type hydrazone bond covalent organic framework material as well as a preparation method and application thereof, belongs to the technical field of photocatalysis, and is used for solving the technical problem of low activity of a current covalent organic framework in preparation of hydrogen peroxide. The preparation method of the side chain functionalized D-A type hydrazone bond covalent organic framework material comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing a reactant donor monomer 2, 5-dimethoxy terephthaloyl hydrazine and an acceptor monomer with a solvent and a catalyst, and reacting to obtain the side chain functionalized D-A type hydrazone bond covalent organic framework material after the reaction is finished. The preparation method is easy to operate and environmentally friendly, the prepared material has good thermal stability, and efficient visible light photocatalysis preparation of hydrogen peroxide can be achieved; meanwhile, the catalyst can be recycled and has good photocatalytic stability.

The invention discloses long-acting high-dynamic hydrazone bond hydrogel as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and particularly relates to the technical field of biomedical materials. The preparation method comprises the following steps: taking 1-adamantane acetic acid and adipic dihydrazide modified sodium hyaluronate and benzaldehyde-terminated eight-arm polyethylene glycol as carrier raw materials; the hydrazone bond hydrogel with relatively high stability is prepared through a coupling reaction of an aldehyde group of benzaldehyde-terminated eight-arm polyethylene glycol and a hydrazide group of 1-adamantane acetic acid and adipic dihydrazide modified sodium hyaluronate. The beta-cyclodextrin modified m-phenylenediamine catalyst is dynamically combined into the carrier through reversible host-guest complexation between beta-cyclodextrin and 1-adamantane acetic acid, so that the long-acting high-dynamic hydrazone bond hydrogel is obtained, and the requirement of three-dimensional culture of stem cells on mechanical properties can be met; and network dynamics can be maintained for a long time, so that stem cell spreading is supported, mechanical signal transduction is activated, osteogenesis-related gene expression is promoted, and stem cell osteogenesis differentiation capability is enhanced.

The invention belongs to the field of material synthesis catalysis, and provides a CMOFs metal supported catalyst connected by hydrazone bonds, a preparation method and application in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. According to the method, through hydrazone bond connection and introduction of groups such as methoxyl into a ligand, the hydrophilicity and the electron conduction performance of the material can be further enhanced, hydrogen bonds can be formed with nitrogen on the hydrazone bonds, the coplanar structure of CMOFs can be maintained, conjugate transfer of electrons in layers is facilitated, and the novel CMOFs material synthesized by the method has the advantages that in a water-containing reaction system, the reaction temperature is reduced, and the reaction time is shortened. The generation of formic acid through photocatalytic CO2 reduction is realized. Under the irradiation of a 300W xenon lamp, Rh-coated Cu3-PH-OMe is used for catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to prepare formic acid, and the reaction rate is 3697 [mu] mol.g <-1 >. H <-1 >.

The present application relates to the technical field of medicine (IPC classification A61P31 / 22), and particularly relates to a preparation method and application of a tetrahydroindazole antitumor compound, the preparation method comprising: reacting a compound of formula I with adamantanol to obtain a 4-(4-hydrazone-3,6,6-trimethyl-1-tetrahydroindazole)-2-(4-hydroxycyclohexylamino) benzamide compound, compared with a 4-(4-hydrazone-3,6,6-trimethyl-1-tetrahydroindazole)-2-(4-hydroxycyclohexylamino) benzamide compound in the prior art, the compound has stronger inhibition of tumor cell growth activity, has generally lower IC50 values, and in particular can significantly reduce the clonogenicity of non-small cell lung cancer at a low concentration, and causes apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells, and has great significance for development of a novel antitumor drug.

The invention belongs to the field of chemical medicine synthesis, and particularly relates to an acylhydrazone compound, a preparation method thereof and application of the acylhydrazone compound in camellia oleifera anthracnose and soft rot. The structure of the acylhydrazone compound is shown as a formula I, and the acylhydrazone compound is directly prepared from citronellal and formylhydrazine through a one-step reaction. The invention provides the acylhydrazone compound, the IC50 of the acylhydrazone compound on liver cancer can reach 7.0 mu M, and a new solution is provided for research and development of drugs for treating liver cancer. The EC50 (mg / L) of the strain can reach 1.65 when the strain is used in an oil-tea camellia anthracnose strain inhibition experiment, the EC50 (mg / L) of the strain can reach 1.38 when the strain is used in an oil-tea camellia soft rot strain inhibition experiment, and a new solution is provided for controlling oil-tea camellia anthracnose and soft rot. Meanwhile, the invention provides a synthesis method of citronellal and formylhydrazine through one-step reaction, and the synthesis method has the advantages of high yield, high raw material conversion rate, high selectivity and the like. And the formula I of the # imgabs0 # is shown in the specification.

The invention relates to the technical field of drug loading systems, and discloses a nanoparticle applied to photodynamic therapy and a preparation method thereof.The nanoparticle is of a core-shell-crown composite structure and sequentially comprises an inner core layer, an outer core layer, an inner shell layer and an outer shell layer from inside to outside, the inner core layer is composed of NaYF4 up-conversion nanoparticles, and the outer core layer is composed of NaYF4 up-conversion nanoparticles; the middle layer is a mesoporous Zr-MOF layer; the shell layer is a pH responsive polymer layer which is formed by connecting a polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone block copolymer with folic acid through a hydrazone bond; the targeting canopy layer comprises double targeting ligands, and the double targeting ligands are respectively a bicyclo [6.1. 0] nonyne functionalized iRGD peptide and an azide functionalized anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) nano antibody 7D12. The nanoparticles have the advantages of high stability, strong targeting property, high photosensitizer loading and the like, and can efficiently generate active oxygen.

The present invention discloses a hydrazone compound represented by Formula I and its applications, wherein the definitions of the substituents are as defined in the specification. The compounds of the present invention have good bactericidal activity and broad application prospects.

This invention discloses a lipid assembly loaded with 5-aminolevulinic acid and its preparation method. The lipid assembly is a hollow sphere with a core consisting of a hydrophilic phospholipid-chelating agent conjugate formed by chelation with a reactive phospholipid PEG reagent. The outer layer of the phospholipid-chelating agent conjugate is loaded with 5-aminolevulinic acid via hydrazone bonds, and then combined with a radionuclide as an internal light source excitation photosensitizer. The lipid assembly is loaded with 5-ALA via hydrazone bonds. Utilizing the acid-sensitive bond-breaking characteristics of hydrazone bonds and the prodrug properties of 5-ALA, combined with a radionuclide labeled on the surface of the lipid assembly as an internal light source excitation photosensitizer, this invention can overcome the limitations of external light penetration depth in traditional photodynamic therapy, achieving deep PDT treatment. Combined with chemotherapy drugs, it can minimize the toxic side effects on normal tissues during the combined use of radionuclides and photosensitizers in targeted therapy.

The invention discloses an anti-inflammatory and anti-aging body lotion and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of skin care products. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, carrying out oxidation treatment on beta-cyclodextrin by using sodium periodate, and introducing an active aldehyde group on a glucose unit of the beta-cyclodextrin, so as to form aldehyde beta-cyclodextrin with a unique function; the cavity structure of the beta-cyclodextrin has efficient embedding capacity, and the hydrophobic coenzyme Q10 can be tightly wrapped in the beta-cyclodextrin; the preparation method comprises the following steps: grafting adipic acid dihydrazide onto a hyaluronic acid skeleton to form hydrazinized hyaluronic acid with reaction activity; the hyaluronic acid is subjected to specific cross-linking reaction with aldehyde beta-cyclodextrin through hydrazino on the surface of the hyaluronic acid, a micro-capsule structure with a dynamic covalent bond-hydrazone bond is formed, a three-stage delivery mode of stable storage, intelligent release and accurate action is formed, active ingredients can be effectively protected, intelligent release can be achieved according to the pH value characteristic of skin, and the skin care effect is achieved. The inflammatory reaction is relieved, and the anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects are achieved. The body lotion prepared by the invention has anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects.

The application discloses the use of carbon cyanogen - 4 trifluoromethoxy benzyl hydrazone in the prevention and treatment of candida infection, belonging to the technical field of candida infection prevention and treatment. Carbon cyanogen - 4 trifluoromethoxy benzyl hydrazone is used as the only active ingredient for preparing a medicine for preventing or treating diseases caused by candida infection, wherein the candida is candida albicans and / or candida auris; or it is used for preparing a bacteriostatic and / or bactericidal product of candida, wherein the candida is candida albicans and / or candida auris. FCCP shows good inhibition of strain growth, good inhibition of biofilm effect and good mitochondria breaking effect in the antibacterial experiments of various candida (wild type candida albicans, drug resistant candida albicans and drug resistant candida auris). Thus, a new treatment drug for candida albicans and candida auris infection is provided.

The invention relates to the field of medicinal chemistry, in particular to an acetylene hydroxamic acid compound containing a hydrazone structure as well as a preparation method and application of the acetylene hydroxamic acid compound. The compound is a compound represented by a general formula I, and a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a solvate or a prodrug thereof, wherein substituent groups R1, R2, R3, R4, X and Y have meanings given in the specification. The invention also relates to application of the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or prodrugs thereof as antibacterial drugs in treatment, in particular to application in treatment of gram-negative bacterial infection.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a dual-response fluorescent probe based on an isatin hydrazone-pyrazole Schiff base structure, the dual-response fluorescent probe is synthesized by carrying out nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction on amino-functionalized isatin hydrazone and aldehyde group modified pyrazole, and the chemical structural formula of the dual-response fluorescent probe is as follows: # imgabs0 #. The probe disclosed by the invention has high specific recognition capability on Cu < 2 + > and CN <->. The probe shows fluorescence quenching response to Cu < 2 + >, the response time is short, and the anti-interference capability is strong. The probe realizes selective recognition of CN <-> in a fluorescence'opening 'mode, and shows a dual recognition signal of CN <-> along with obvious solution color change.

The invention discloses an L-carvone hydrazone derivative and an application thereof. The L-carvone hydrazone derivative disclosed by the invention has the advantages of low raw material cost, simple and convenient synthesis route and the like, and the obtained L-carvone hydrazone product has an excellent bacteriostatic effect on rhizoctonia solani, botrytis cinerea, sclerotinia sclerotiorum, fusarium graminearum, valsa mali and phytophthora capsici, and can be used for preventing and treating various plant fungal diseases.

A kind of epirubicin prodrug, albumin nanoparticle pharmaceutical composition comprising the prodrug and its preparation method and application.The long-chain fatty acid is connected with epirubicin by using acyl hydrazone bond sensitive to tumor acid microenvironment to construct epirubicin prodrug, so as to improve the binding capacity of epirubicin and albumin.The prepared epirubicin prodrug can realize the sufficient dissolution of prodrug using water as solvent, then mixed with albumin aqueous solution, and after high pressure homogenization, the uniformly distributed epirubicin-fatty acid prodrug albumin nanoparticle pharmaceutical composition can be obtained.The preparation process provided does not need to use organic solvent, breaks through the technical obstacle that existing albumin preparation product must use organic solvent to prepare, simplifies the preparation process, and at the same time avoids the risk of organic solvent residue and inducing albumin denaturation.

This invention discloses a fluorescent sensitive membrane for detecting mercury ions in water and its preparation method. The sensitive membrane comprises a fluorescent probe and a physically cross-linked matrix. The fluorescent probe is prepared using 7-(diethylamino)coumarin-3-carboxaldehyde, 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolidinone hydrazone hydrochloride, and ethanol. Chitosan, glycerol, and acetic acid solutions are then added to a round-bottom flask and stirred until the chitosan is completely dissolved. Next, 4-(4,6-dimethoxytriazine-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholine hydrochloride is added, and stirring continues at room temperature to obtain a clear and transparent solution. The fluorescent probe is then added, and stirring continues. Finally, the solution is poured into a glass dish to evaporate the solvent, yielding the mercury ion detection solution. 2+ A fluorescently sensitive membrane. This membrane is sensitive to Hg in water. 2+ It has a detection function, requires no sample preparation during detection, and has the advantages of simple detection method and high detection efficiency.

The present invention relates to novel compounds which are useful in agriculture and / or in animal health and in particular to novel isoxazoline compounds, as well as to compositions comprising these compounds. In addition, the present invention relates to the use of a compound or a composition comprising one or more of these compounds in agriculture or animal health and specifically for controlling insect pests or parasitic invertebrate pests. The present invention further relates to intermediate compounds which are useful in preparing the compounds of the present invention.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a fluorine-containing ester-containing triazole compound, which comprises the following steps of: reacting fluorine-containing ester-containing p-toluenesulfonylhydrazone prepared from cheap and easily available starting raw materials (ketone containing trifluoromethyl or difluoromethyl functional groups) with an aromatic amine compound in tert-butyl hydroperoxide and acetonitrile under the promotion condition of iodine to obtain the fluorine-containing ester-containing triazole compound. And the fluorine-containing ester-containing triazole compound is obtained by a cyclization reaction and a'one-pot method '. In the preparation process, an expensive metal catalyst or ligand does not need to be used, so that the problem of toxicity or use safety caused by metal residues or azide compounds in a pharmaceutical process does not exist; in addition, the raw materials used in the process are bulk, cheap and easily available, the reaction system is green and environment-friendly, and the method has the advantages of simple operation steps and post-treatment process and high yield; the subsequent conversion research of the process can be applied to the synthesis of medical intermediates or related similar compounds.

This invention discloses a method for preparing 4-(trifluoromethylsulfinyl)pyrazole compounds, comprising: dissolving terminal alkyne in n-hexane under nitrogen atmosphere, adding anhydrous zinc chloride, and reacting trifluoromethylsulfinyl chloride to obtain α-trifluoromethylalkynyl sulfoxide; adding benzoyl chloride dropwise to a CH2Cl2 solution of phenylhydrazine and triethylamine under nitrogen atmosphere to obtain acylhydrazine; adding carbon tetrachloride to a suspension of acylhydrazine and triphenylphosphine in acetonitrile to obtain hydrazone chloride; and reacting α-trifluoromethylalkynyl sulfoxide, hydrazone chloride, potassium carbonate, and anhydrous ethanol at room temperature to obtain 4-(trifluoromethylsulfinyl)pyrazole compounds. This invention uses inexpensive and readily available raw materials, the entire reaction route is mild and simple to operate, does not require stringent reaction conditions, and most of the reaction process is carried out at room temperature. The product yield is high, and the prepared trifluoromethylalkynyl sulfoxide pyrazole structure has multiple derivatization sites, showing good application prospects.

This invention discloses a hydrazone-linked fluorine-substituted covalent organic framework material, its preparation method, and its applications, belonging to the field of semiconductor photocatalysis technology. The material is synthesized by hydrazone condensation of 1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-tris(4-formylphenyl)benzene and terephthalohydrazide, denoted as F-TPDH-COF. A one-step solvothermal synthesis is employed, resulting in a mild, environmentally friendly, low-cost, and easily scalable process. The material obtained by this invention utilizes hydrazone bonds to achieve proton enrichment in acidic media, and fluorine atoms regulate the electronic structure to improve charge separation efficiency. Under pH=2 conditions, the photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production rate reaches as high as 5825.2 μmolg. ‑1 h ‑1 Its activity and stability are significantly better than most existing COF photocatalytic materials, and it can be used for efficient photocatalytic preparation of hydrogen peroxide in acidic systems, showing good prospects for industrialization.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a biodegradable film based on nanocellulose enhancement, and relates to the field of films. Hydroxyl groups on the surface of the nano cellulose fiber and Pullulan polysaccharide secreted by aureobasidium pullulans are self-assembled through hydrogen bonds to form a nano network structure; formaldehyde and hydrazide groups of hydrazide hyaluronic acid are subjected to a condensation reaction to generate acylhydrazone bonds, and a highly-crosslinked compact barrier layer is formed on the surface layer of the film; a polyphenol structure of tannic acid and a metal ion Fe < 3 + > fill gaps of nano cellulose fibers through coordination, so that the porosity is remarkably reduced, an oxygen diffusion path is prolonged, and the oxygen permeability is reduced; a hydrogen bond network is formed by the nano cellulose fibers and hydroxyl groups of the Pullulan polysaccharide through surface hydroxyl groups, meanwhile, terminal amino groups of the amino-terminated polycaprolactone and hydroxyl groups of the nano cellulose fibers generate ion-dipole interaction, and a three-dimensional interpenetrating structure is constructed; the tensile strength of the film can be effectively improved.

Cell parameters of the crystal compound are as follows: diffraction data are collected in an omega-theta scanning mode by using MoK alpha rays monochromatized by a graphite monochromator on an Oxford X-ray single crystal diffractometer at the temperature of 273 k, and the crystal compound is characterized in that the crystal belongs to a triclinic system, P-1; the cell parameters are as follows: alpha is equal to 79.857 (3) degrees; beta is equal to 87.082 (3) degrees; gamma is equal to 87.829 (3) degrees; the synthesis method of the crystal chlorine compound (I) comprises the following steps: weighing 0.02 35 g of benzophenone hydrazone and 0.6720 g of 1.0 g of 7-chloroisatin and acetic acid ketone monohydrate complex, putting into a 150mL flask, adding 100.0 mL of chlorobenzene as a solvent, stirring at room temperature for 48 hours, carrying out column chromatography separation, eluting with petroleum ether / dichloromethane (1 / 1), and carrying out vacuum drying to obtain the crystal chlorine compound (I). And naturally volatilizing the collected front component points to obtain the target crystal compound I, namely the 6-bromo-3-diphenylmethylene indoline-2-ketone crystal. The application of the crystal chlorine compound (I) is that the crystal chlorine compound (I) has a relatively strong inhibition effect on epidermophyton flocculent, and the IC50 value of the crystal chlorine compound (I) is 0.063 + / -0.008.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a method of changing the glass transition temperature of a polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer includes at least one hydrazone-containing compound. In general, the methods of the present disclosure include one or more of the following steps of: (1) applying light to the polymer; and (2) thereby changing the glass transition temperature of the polymer. In another embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a polymer having a light-adjustable glass transition temperature. In some embodiments, the polymer includes at least one hydrazone-containing compound.

The present invention relates to a hydrazone-based covalent organic framework material, a preparation method thereof and an application thereof. An electrically neutral hydrazone-based covalent organic framework material (n-COF) is synthesized through a Schiff base reaction, and the transformation of the charge property of the framework material skeleton is realized by adjusting the acidity and alkalinity of the solution. The synthesized electrically neutral framework material has high chemical stability, is protonated under acidic conditions to obtain a positively charged framework material (c-COF), and is deprotonated under alkaline conditions to obtain a negatively charged framework material (a-COF). The hydrazone-based covalent organic framework material of the present invention has the property of adjustable framework charge and has potential application value in the fields of pollutant adsorption and photocatalytic degradation.

The invention relates to a quinoline hydrazone compound containing a hydrazone structure as well as a preparation method and application of the quinoline hydrazone compound, and relates to the technical field of chemical engineering and pesticides. According to the invention, 5-aminoquinoline is used as a raw material to synthesize a series of quinoline hydrazone compounds containing a hydrazone structure; the prepared compound can effectively prevent and treat plant fungal diseases including cucumber gray mold, potato late blight, sclerotinia rot of colza, tomato gray mold, wheat scab, rice blast, kiwi fruit phomopsis and rice sheath blight disease.

The invention discloses a 1, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydropyridazine spiroimidazoline-2-ketone compound as well as a synthesis method and application thereof, and belongs to the field of organic chemical synthesis and medicines. The structure of the compound takes a spiroheterocycle consisting of 1, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydropyridazine and imidazoline-2-ketone as a skeleton, and the synthesis method comprises the following steps: dissolving 4, 5-dimethylimidazoline-2-ketone (I) and alkali in an organic solvent at 0 DEG C, stirring, adding alpha-halogenated hydrazone (II), continuously stirring for reaction, and after the reaction is finished, concentrating under reduced pressure, separating and purifying to obtain the compound. The compound provided by the invention has good potential application value in antitumor drug research; the synthesis method disclosed by the invention is novel and has the advantages of simplicity in operation, mild reaction conditions, good substrate universality, high yield and the like.

The application provides an N-amino-alpha-amino acid compound and a synthesis method thereof, and the synthesis method is as follows: hydrazone reaction substrates, a photocatalyst, a reducing agent and alkali are added into a reaction container, then organic solvents are added under a CO2 atmosphere, stirring reaction is carried out under light conditions at 20-70 DEG C for 0.1-48 h, and then the reaction product is separated and purified to obtain the N-amino-alpha-amino acid compound; the synthesis method can synthesize important N-amino-alpha-amino acid compounds under mild reaction conditions, has the characteristics of wide reaction substrate range, good yield and good regioselectivity, cheap and easily obtained raw materials and easily derivable products, and can effectively solve the problems of limitations and the need to use metal reducing agents in the synthesis of alpha-aryl-substituted alpha-amino acid products in the prior art.

The invention provides a preparation method of 4-methylpyrazole, and belongs to the field of fine chemical engineering. Sulfuric acid and iodide are used as catalysts to promote ring closing of the generated hydrazone intermediate, so that the conversion process of preparing 4-methylpyrazole from 2-methylacrolein and hydrazine hydrate is catalyzed. The sulfuric acid is a sulfuric acid aqueous solution with the mass fraction of 30-80%, and the iodide is a reagent capable of generating an iodine elementary substance or the iodine elementary substance. Compared with a traditional preparation method, a room-temperature dropwise adding strategy is adopted, the condition in a reaction kettle can be effectively observed, meanwhile, the reaction is milder, the operation risk is reduced, the yield and purity of the product are improved, and the color number of the product is reduced. The preparation process is high in operability and suitable for industrial production.

Disclosed in the present application are a hemostatic sponge and a preparation method therefor. The hemostatic sponge of the present application is composed of a functionalized polymer and a thickening agent, and may optionally comprise a photoinitiator. The functionalized polymer is a functional group-modified natural polymer and / or synthesized polymer. The hemostatic sponge is formed by means of crosslinking via interaction between functional groups or crosslinking induced by the photoinitiator. The functional groups include at least one of hydroxyl, aldehyde group, carboxyl, amino, sulfydryl, hydrazone bond, hydrazide, olefin, alkynyl, polyphenol, succinimidyl active ester, maleimide, and isocyanate. The hemostatic sponge of the present application exhibits the following advantages: shape memory capability, high expansion rate, good mechanical strength, adjustable physical and chemical properties, being compressible, and being injectable. The hemostatic sponge of the present application demonstrates good biocompatibility, biodegradability, rapid water absorption rate and high water uptake capacity, and fast volumetric expansion, and it can adsorb and enrich red blood cells and platelets, thereby promoting blood coagulation and shortening hemostasis time. The hemostatic sponge also has high compression strength and enables pressing hemostasis.

The invention relates to a polymer for treating a surface, which polymer comprises: n reactive intermediate precursor groups, wherein n is an integer equal to or greater than 3; and m groups which comprise an atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator, wherein m is an integer equal to or greater than 3, wherein the reactive intermediate precursor groups are selected from carbene precursor groups and nitrene precursor groups, wherein the carbene precursor groups are selected from hydrazone groups of formula (A), diazo groups of formula (B) and diazirine groups of formula (C), and the nitrene precursor groups are azide groups of formula (D), wherein R1 is H or -S(O)2R2, and R2 is an unsubstituted or substituted C1-6 alkyl group or an unsubstituted or substituted aryl group. The invention also relates to a process for producing a treated substrate, which treated substrate has a surface suitable for surface -initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (SIATRP). The invention also relates to a treated substrate having a surface suitable for SIATRP, and to treated substrates obtainable by the aforementioned process of the invention. The invention also relates to a treated substrate which comprises: a substrate, a reacted polymer disposed on a surface of the substrate, and a further polymer, grown by SIATRP, bonded to the reacted polymer.